{"id":5662,"date":"2016-01-25T19:39:42","date_gmt":"2016-01-25T12:39:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.org\/du-an-khac\/2016\/01\/25\/quyen-3-hop-phan-giao-duc-huong-dan-phuc-hoi-chuc-nang-dua-vao-cong-dong-ebook\/"},"modified":"2024-03-17T04:10:58","modified_gmt":"2024-03-16T21:10:58","slug":"quyen-3-hop-phan-giao-duc-huong-dan-phuc-hoi-chuc-nang-dua-vao-cong-dong-ebook","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.com\/du-an-khac\/quyen-3-hop-phan-giao-duc-huong-dan-phuc-hoi-chuc-nang-dua-vao-cong-dong-ebook\/","title":{"rendered":"Quy\u1ec3n 3: H\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c &#8211; H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng [eBook]"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe style=\"border: 1px solid #CCC; border-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%;\" src=\"\/\/www.slideshare.net\/slideshow\/embed_code\/key\/NI0iGzyVd9Xjc2\" width=\"668\" height=\"880\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"> <\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non<\/h2>\n<h2>Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n<h2>Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n<h2>Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy<\/h2>\n<h2>H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi<\/h2>\n<p style=\"color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #006400;\"><strong>Download t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/login?from_source=%2Fyhoccongdong%2Fquyen-3-hop-phan-giao-duc%3Ffrom_action%3Dsave&amp;from=download&amp;layout=foundation\">https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/login?from_source=%2Fyhoccongdong%2Fquyen-3-hop-phan-giao-duc%3Ffrom_action%3Dsave&amp;from=download&amp;layout=foundation<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #006400;\"><strong>B\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>1. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C<br \/>\n2. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c WHO Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng: C\u1ea9m nang h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng 1. Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. 2. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. 3. C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. 4. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch y t\u1ebf. 5. Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 6. C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. 7. S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. 8. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. I. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. II. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c. III. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. IV. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. ISBN 978 92 4 354805 0 (TH\u01af VI\u1ec6N Y KHOA QU\u1ed0C GIA HOA K\u1ef2 \/ M\u00c3 TRA C\u1ee8U:WB 320) Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1edfi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010 v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: \u201cCommunity-based rehabilitation: CBR guidelines\u201d B\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n \u00a9 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 2010 WHO b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 quan b\u00e1o ch\u00ed WHO, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, s\u1ed1 20 \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Appia, 1211 Gi\u01a1-ne-v\u01a1 27, Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9 (\u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: bookorders@who.int). C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 xin ph\u00e9p t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a WHO \u2013 b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kinh doanh hay ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i phi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u2013 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan b\u00e1o ch\u00ed WHO , t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau tr\u00ean (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: permissions@who.int). C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c danh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u trong \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1ed1c gia, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hay khu v\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, hay li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ranh gi\u1edbi hay bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch hay khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb b\u1edfiT\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9cY t\u1ebfTh\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty hay s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb do sai s\u00f3t v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft hoa. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c minh c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 trong \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 hay ng\u1ee5 \u00fd. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y. C\u1ee5c B\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, B\u1ed9 Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng,Th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i,Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7aT\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trao quy\u1ec1n d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1edfi In\u00eds Communication \u2013 www.iniscommunication.com In t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<br \/>\n3. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C N\u1ed9i dung L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65<br \/>\n4. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u 1 L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m \u201ch\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m, \u0111\u1ec3 chung s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d(1). Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf, v\u00e0 trong to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u:Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0110i\u1ec1u 26(2), v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, \u0110i\u1ec1u 28 (3) Trong khi c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra, do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i: \u2022M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non; \u2022 \u0110\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em \u2022B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 N\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5ccho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn. \u2022Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi \u2022T\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1, y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (4) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp: C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u201cCung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n\u201d(\u0110i\u1ec1u 24, \u0111o\u1ea1n 2(e)). C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef n\u1ed5i Braille, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 di \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch ly v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp (5). UNESCO \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean 90% tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng; v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi 30% tr\u1ebb em s\u1ed1ng ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 3%, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 1% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1eef gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc (6). Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 (7) \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u1edf m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ed1 2, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t trai hay g\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng(PHCNDVC\u0110) c\u1ea7n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y.<br \/>\n5. 2 H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN PHCNDVC\u0110 > 3: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C H\u1ed8P 1 \u1ede M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, h\u1ed9i cha m\u1eb9, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 trong kh\u1ed1i EU. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1989, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa cho tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y \u0111i nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Sau khi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1pti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1edbi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (APDC) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. APDC th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sau \u0111\u00e2y: r\u00e0 so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp nh\u1eb1m h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chung v\u1ec1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003, V\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c H\u00f2a nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 Y t\u1ebf, Ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1edbm, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp \u1edf c\u1ea5p m\u1ea7m non, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc. C\u00f3 h\u01a1n 1000 tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp. APDC ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. \u01afu ti\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp cho tr\u1ebb em M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<br \/>\n6. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u 3 M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u2022M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u2022C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em kh\u00e1c. \u2022C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y linh ho\u1ea1t, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u1ec7 sinh. \u2022 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean. \u2022M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia \u0111\u00ecnh khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. \u2022C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd. \u2022C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh. \u2022V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp. H\u1ed8P 2 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em, song c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea5u sau nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng sau t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n nh\u1eb1m thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c cha m\u1eb9 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 c\u00e1c em g\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cha m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp<br \/>\n7. 4 H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN PHCNDVC\u0110 > 3: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh quy, phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u00ecn chung:\u201ch\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh quy\u201d\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn;\u201cgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy\u201dl\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy;\u201ch\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c\u201d\u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi &#8211; t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh quy v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy. Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, song tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (DPOs), c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nhau li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00f9ng l\u00fac ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nhau (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem \u1edf ph\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u (S\u00e1ch 1): Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi). \u0110\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.\u201cThi\u1ebfu gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 ch\u00ednh d\u1eabn t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o do thi\u1ebfu gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em kh\u00e1c. Tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi\u201d (8). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con em b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngay c\u1ea3 khi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n chi ph\u00ed kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 chi ph\u00ed cho s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Do \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1eebc\u00e1cgia\u0111\u00ecnhngh\u00e8oti\u1ebfpt\u1ee5ckh\u00f4ng\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3cgi\u00e1od\u1ee5c,v\u00e0v\u00f2ngquayngh\u00e8o\u0111\u00f3il\u1ea1iti\u1ebfpdi\u1ec5n.<br \/>\n8. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u 5 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1eddi xa c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh thay v\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i trong hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u1edf c\u1ea5p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u (s\u00e1ch 1): Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m). H\u1ed8P 3 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 g\u00e1i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00e9 g\u00e1i n\u00e0y th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1c tr\u00eau ch\u1ecdc. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u00e9 g\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh cho em ngh\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi em kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham gia h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp cho b\u00e9 g\u00e1i n\u00e0y, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 gi\u00fap ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u01a1n, trang b\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em kh\u00e1c bi\u1ebft h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc th\u00ec nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. X\u00f3a b\u1ecf r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp l\u00e0\u201cm\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, gi\u1ea3m lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb trong v\u00e0 t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d(9). Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp: \u2022R\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh quy \u2013 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy v\u00e0 phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c; \u2022D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp; \u2022B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em; \u2022D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\/t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe; \u2022Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia \u2022L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh; \u2022L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng: \u2022Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1ea5y gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ebb em\/ ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn b\u1ecb khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh<br \/>\n9. 6 H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN PHCNDVC\u0110 > 3: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C \u2022Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho ri\u00eang ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. N\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea9y ra ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t\u201d \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp\u201d, tuy nhi\u00ean hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n thay v\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p khi m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra, l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb quy ch\u1ee5p cho \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb.T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean hay n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u201cGi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201dl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1ed5 sung, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00edch nghi, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u1eef nh\u01b0 n\u1ed5i Braille, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u00e2m thanh, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u) nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho tr\u1ebb ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\u201cy\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u1ebb n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u2013 do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cao th\u01b0\u1eddng tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh quy. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110nh\u1ea5nm\u1ea1nhv\u00e0ogi\u00e1od\u1ee5ch\u00f2anh\u1eadp,\u201cc\u00e1ctr\u01b0\u1eddngh\u1ecdc\u0111\u1eb7cbi\u1ec7t\u201dv\u1eabnl\u00e0m\u1ed9tth\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u2013 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb em khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh, khi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c v\u1eeba khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u1ea7n kinh. \u1ede c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa, tr\u1ebb em c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng xa gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, qua th\u1eddi gian, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef\u201c\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\u201ctr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd c\u00f3 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hay kh\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\u201c\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d, b\u1edfi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u1ecfi nh\u00f3m tr\u1ebb em kh\u00e1c. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng hay kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp\u201c\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201dth\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00edch g\u00ec c\u1ea3, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb.Tr\u1ebb em b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. M\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp.<br \/>\n10. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u 7 Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y: \u2022Tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ecb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m s\u00f3c cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u2022 Trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, tr\u1ebb em nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. H\u1ed8P 4 T\u1ea1i Hazaribagh, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9, Rupa Kumari ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m s\u00f3c cho c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1edfi m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n kinh, cha c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, c\u00f4 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t em trai v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t em g\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc, Rupa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a em g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng tuy nhi\u00ean gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Rupa \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i mang theo em g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Rupa \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u2022Trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t, tr\u1ebb em nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. C\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 5% tr\u1ebb em nam n\u00e0y b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (10), v\u00e0 khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc. \u2022Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi v\u1ecdng m\u1eb9 v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u0103ng th\u00eam g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u2022Gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean giao d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. \u2022Tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc do thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebfu m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng an to\u00e0n. \u2022Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m cha r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110. H\u1ed8P 5 T\u1ea1i Lesotho, \u00edt tr\u1ebb em nam \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em nam th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc s\u1edbm h\u01a1n c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em n\u1eef, v\u00ec tr\u1ebb em nam ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 gia s\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c th\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi Lesotho<br \/>\n11. 8 H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN PHCNDVC\u0110 > 3: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 trong h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong m\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1, do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb t\u1eeb khi sinh ra cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh quy. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh quy, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy v\u00e0 phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb &#8211; bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng chia theo l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i: tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh \u0111\u1ebfn 3 tu\u1ed5i, t\u1eeb 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 6, 7 ho\u1eb7c 8 tu\u1ed5i, khi vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh quy b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o tr\u1ebb em t\u1eeb 3 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi do UNESCO (11) \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em kh\u00e1c, tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng trang l\u1ee9a. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh quy n\u00e0y v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, tuy nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y.<br \/>\n12. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u 9 H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng: h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u1ea5y n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea5y m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh quy b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh quy th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp. \u0110\u00f4i khi, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t th\u1ee9 hai cho tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh quy. H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u2013 vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tham gia c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn thay v\u00ec tr\u1ebb em. H\u1ed8P 6 \u201cC\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf, d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh khi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb, khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c v\u1eeba khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh v\u1eeba khi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean &#8211; l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Braille.Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1 t\u00ednh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d. (12) Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt<br \/>\n13. Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non 11 Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u M\u1ea7m non bao g\u1ed3m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb s\u01a1 sinh cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m t\u00e1m tu\u1ed5i (13). M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1u m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (EFA) (11). Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p. V\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u0103m s\u00f3c m\u1ea7m non n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n y t\u1ebf, do \u0111\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi can thi\u1ec7p s\u1edbm v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u00e0o m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o\/ m\u1ea7m non. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong ba n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi (13), v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t\u201cc\u1eeda s\u1ed5 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i\u201d\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non gieo nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng cho m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ebb em kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non c\u0169ng t\u0103ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho tr\u1ebb em ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i (13). Nh\u00ecn chung, do gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, n\u00f3 linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan: Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u1ede m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a Nepal, h\u01a1n 95% tr\u1ebb em tham gia ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc l\u00ean ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, so v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 75% trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em kh\u00f4ng tham gia ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00fap l\u1ea1i l\u1edbp 1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng em tham gia l\u00e0 1 tr\u00ean 7 so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng em kh\u00f4ng tham gia, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u1edf l\u1edbp 1 cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (14). H\u1ed8P 7 Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non Nepal<br \/>\n14. 12 H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN PHCNDVC\u0110 > 3: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C H\u1ed8P 8 T\u1ea1i bang Gujirat, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (PHCNDVC\u0110) t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tr\u1ebb em n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980. Tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00e1c em nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0y nay, trong nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf Gujarat kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o. Chetna, m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u1ee7a bang Gujarat, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n khi c\u00f4 b\u00e9 l\u00ean ba tu\u1ed5i do em b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 em thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thu x\u1ebfp cho Chetna v\u00e0o kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh \u1edf m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1ch xa l\u00e0ng em. Em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 b\u1ecb khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c, th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean, em g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Chetna lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e9p m\u00ecnh trong b\u1ed1n b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf nh\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c trong l\u00f2ng m\u1eb9, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh em ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c sau: nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Chetna l\u00e0 g\u00ec? N\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y? Ai s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi em? V\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi em nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t do c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 Chetna b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u00ean nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00f4 b\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u201cv\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a em v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. Em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u1ee3 th\u00ednh v\u00e0 k\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u00eat \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00ecn h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Em c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y giao ti\u1ebfp. Chetna gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u1eb9 trong c\u00e1c b\u1eefa \u0103n, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c r\u1eeda v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch b\u00e1t \u0111\u0129a, v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Cha m\u1eb9 em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi em v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Chetna gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 tham gia c\u00e1c anganwadi (nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb) \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. B\u1ecdn tr\u1ebb ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn em nh\u01b0 bao \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi em theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Em s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111ang h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd cho Chetna v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c bang nh\u01b0 bao \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u1edf Chetna \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<br \/>\n15. Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non 13 M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau M\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (PHCNDVC\u0110) Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 tr\u1ebb em khy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u2022Tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u1ed1t. \u2022C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em. \u2022Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non ch\u00ednh quy v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hoan ngh\u00eanh v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em. \u2022Tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c em l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. \u2022Tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ch\u01a1i c\u00f9ng nhau, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c em v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhau. \u2022T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp. \u2022Tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp sang b\u1eadc h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ed8P 9 T\u1ea1i Santo Tomas, El Sanvador, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp cho m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb tham gia ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con sinh ra s\u1edbm tr\u01b0\u1edbc ba th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu oxy. B\u00e1c s\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. Th\u00f4ng qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em con c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p s\u1edbm trong hai n\u0103m. C\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 em b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng khi l\u00ean 4 tu\u1ed5i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1edbm El Salvador<br \/>\n16. 14 H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN PHCNDVC\u0110 > 3: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh Th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u Th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb (5). Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ee9c tin\/t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng (c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n) trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb bao g\u1ed3m: \u2022Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi hay giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft; \u2022Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft (h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp), v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tay hay m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n; \u2022Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ho\u1eb7c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u; \u2022Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9ng, ng\u1ed3i, \u0111i, ch\u1ea1y hay c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tay v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n tay \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c v\u1ebd. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 khung th\u1eddi gian v\u00ed d\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 09 \u0111\u1ebfn 15 th\u00e1ng. Ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u1edf tr\u00ean. N\u1ebfu ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3cx\u00e1c\u0111\u1ecbnhs\u1edbmtrongcu\u1ed9cs\u1ed1ngc\u1ee7atr\u1ebbth\u00ecc\u00e1cbi\u1ec7nph\u00e1p c\u00f3th\u1ec3th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7nnh\u1eb1m mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed dung m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc. \u2022Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb. \u2022Tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i theo m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201cb\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. \u2022Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 bao g\u1ed3m y t\u1ebf, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Tuy v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111a ng\u00e0nh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y.(15).<br \/>\n17. Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non 15 H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch th\u00f4ng qua ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i Tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng qua vui ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Vui ch\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung ki\u1ebfm cho \u0111\u1ee7 \u0103n. Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, vui ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng. H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1ch tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp khi ch\u00fang tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eefu \u00edch hay s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1eafm r\u1eeda, m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, \u0103n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 hay l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sau: \u2022H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua vui ch\u01a1i v\u00e0\/hay c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng do khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em. \u2022Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 vui ch\u01a1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c em kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u01a1i. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vui ch\u01a1i ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y lo l\u1eafng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c con m\u00ecnh. \u2022Vui ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng (ch\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do c\u00e1c em kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng hay v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn. \u2022\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng vui ch\u01a1i hay k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c em kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0o. \u2022B\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1p l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vui ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i tham gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean do: c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c em ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n; c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00ecnh che d\u1ea5u ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c em \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c do tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n c\u00e1c em. Nh\u00ecn chung, n\u00ean t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho tr\u1ebb em hay kh\u00f4ng.<br \/>\n18. 16 H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN PHCNDVC\u0110 > 3: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng em kh\u00e1c. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch linh ho\u1ea1t. C\u1ea7n \u01b0u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo h\u01b0\u1edbng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u0301nh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 hay bao b\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. H\u1ed8P 10 Trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a M\u00ea-hi-c\u00f4, g\u1ea7n Culiancan, c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai 4 th\u00e1ng trong n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng khu tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trung t\u00e2m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non trong m\u1ed7i khu tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tham gia c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp can thi\u1ec7p s\u1edbm hai l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n tu\u1ed5i) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ban ng\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ng\u00e0y nay, gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c t\u1ed1t cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c em ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi. H\u1ecd \u0111em nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 l\u00e0ng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non M\u00ea-hi-c\u00f4 C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i m\u1ea7m non Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo d\u00f5i k\u00e9p l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non. Theo d\u00f5i k\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sau: 1.T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non t\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan, th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh, \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. 2.T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tr\u1ebb em: ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1ed5 sung. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1edbm.<br \/>\n19. Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non 17 Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o\u201ctheo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb\u201d, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u1ebb em h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00ec v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em th\u00f4ng qua: \u2022Li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p (Xem th\u00eam h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n y t\u1ebf); \u2022\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1edbm h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd; \u2022Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb em sinh ra b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t; \u2022H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c em t\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 c\u00e1c em trong nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; \u2022Gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em, theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p s\u1edbm bao g\u1ed3m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em, v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1c em, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n n\u00e0y; \u2022 T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 lo l\u1eafng cho b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00f4i khi, ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c em. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ngd\u1ef1av\u00e0oc\u1ed9ng\u0111\u1ed3ngc\u00f3th\u1ec3h\u1ed7tr\u1ee3l\u00e0mt\u0103ngnh\u1eadnth\u1ee9c,n\u00e2ngcaoki\u1ebfnth\u1ee9c c\u1ee7ang\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. H\u1ed8P 11 T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, tr\u1ebb em d\u01b0\u1edbi 5 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3, tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1ed5 sung. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean m\u1ea7m non ng\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c em v\u00e0o l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec ba l\u00fd do: h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u1ea7n th\u00eam th\u1eddi gian, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ebfu tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 hay kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng c\u00e2n; v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u201cs\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe\u201d m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd, c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh. C\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1<br \/>\n20. 18 H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN PHCNDVC\u0110 > 3: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp s\u1edbm t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1edbm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9, v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a con em m\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 cho con b\u00fa v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian vui ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecf qua vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m: \u2022H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 con ch\u00e1u gi\u1eefa cha m\u1eb9\/anh ch\u1ecb em\/\u00f4ng b\u00e0, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u2022H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho con em b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u2022H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh, ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u, v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c \u00e2m ng\u1eef tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. \u2022X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho m\u1ed7i tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ebb. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n. \u2022H\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c cho cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cha m\u1eb9 tham gia c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u2022T\u1ea1o m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ngu\u1ed3n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u2022Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u00e9 g\u00e1i khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp.<br \/>\n21. Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non 19 H\u1ed8P 12 \u1ede El Alto, Bolivia, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp cho c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t b\u00e9 trai s\u00e1u tu\u1ed5i v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng Down g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i h\u1ecdc m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Khi c\u1eadu b\u00e9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i h\u1ecdc, cha c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t lo l\u1eafng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n c\u1eadu \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m k\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a con trai m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5 huynh h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 huynh kh\u00e1c tham gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a con trai m\u00ecnh Bolivia Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 T\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp cho tr\u1ebb t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110. Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch th\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1edbm cho tr\u1ebb. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 bao g\u1ed3m: \u2022khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o; \u2022ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng vui ch\u01a1i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1edfi chuy\u00ean gia. \u2022ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; \u2022ch\u0103m s\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt hay nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp mang t\u00ednh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m: \u2022Tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong l\u00e0ng (16); \u2022C\u1ea9m nang c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi-WHO: \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (17); \u2022H\u00e3y giao ti\u1ebfp: m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n c\u1ea9m nang cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong giao ti\u1ebfp (18); \u2022H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch chia c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, v\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 t\u1eafm r\u1eeda c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb em, ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng (19).<br \/>\n22. 20 H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN PHCNDVC\u0110 > 3: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C H\u1ed8P 13 T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i h\u1ecdc. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh. C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb xa cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh t\u1edbi tham gia \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y cho con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ngay t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n. Cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non c\u00f3 ngay trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m vui ch\u01a1i, c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m tr\u1ebb em ban ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb (ch\u0103m s\u00f3c tr\u1ebb). Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0: \u2022 Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh cho tr\u1ebb tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng vui ch\u01a1i trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\/ d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, mua s\u1eafm; \u2022Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho tr\u1ebb vui ch\u01a1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u2022Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ch\u01a1i c\u00f9ng nhau \u2013 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c anh ch\u1ecb em v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa tr\u1ebb em h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch; \u2022T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n bao g\u1ed3m tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non v\u00e0 s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ed1c, nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh, t\u0103ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh). Gi\u00fap x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch linh ho\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y tr\u1ebb l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m . N\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o\/m\u1ea7m non \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch bao g\u1ed3m: \u2022 H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c vui ch\u01a1i, bao g\u1ed3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng vui ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 vui ch\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do; \u2022 L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf; \u2022T\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 vui ch\u01a1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; \u2022T\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn cho tr\u1ebb em, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau cho tr\u1ebb khi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb, v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u2022T\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt;<br \/>\n23. Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non 21 \u2022Quan s\u00e1t tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 xem c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c em tham gia v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng nhau th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. H\u1ed8P 14 Trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea7m non \u1edf Zazibar, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 b\u1ecb khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh. C\u1eadu b\u00e9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n tay m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ra m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u00e1t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u1eadu b\u00e9 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u. C\u1eadu b\u00e9 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 quen bi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u1edf Zanzibar c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u00e0i h\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 Zanzibar Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y l\u1ea5y gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, thi\u1ebfu c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vui ch\u01a1i, c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, h\u1ecdc v\u1eb9t (h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1), c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng mang t\u00ednh h\u00e0n l\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb em, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang g\u00ec v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00f4ng qua vi\u00eac s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean m\u1ea7m non\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3ctraoquy\u1ec1n\u0111\u1ec3tr\u1edfth\u00e0nhnh\u1eefngng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y tr\u1ebb l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m.<br \/>\n24. 22 H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN PHCNDVC\u0110 > 3: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C H\u1ed8P 15 Anhui l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh ngh\u00e8o \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 56 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non bu\u1ed9c tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng d\u00e0i v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ebb v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7. H\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c &#8211; nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 1.000 tr\u1ebb v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean t\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 sau: l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean theo nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf; ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua vui ch\u01a1i; s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa gia \u0111\u00ecnh, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; v\u00e0 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a hai tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trong m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu l\u1ea1i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c- h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cl\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cl\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n\u201d so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb; tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn Nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y tr\u1ebb l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m. \u0110\u00f4i khi, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh quy. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, tr\u1ebb khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, tr\u1ebb em khi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1eef n\u1ed5i Braille, v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em \u0111i\u1ebfc v\u00e0 m\u00f9 s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1eef n\u1ed5i Braille. Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eef c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh quy. S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 tham gia tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c m\u1ea7m non l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu, chuy\u00ean gia t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc\u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i\u201d\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n.<br \/>\n25. Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non 23 H\u1ed8P 16 \u1ede Coimbatore, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m can thi\u1ec7p s\u1edbm v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eaby gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh. M\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t \u00edt tr\u1ebb em khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hai th\u00e1ng sau khi m\u1edf c\u1eeda, hai nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 tham gia v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 6 em h\u1ecdc sinh khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh n\u1eb7ng hay tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh th\u1eadm ch\u00ed bi\u1ebft ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong v\u00f2ng s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00ean 13 h\u1ecdc sinh, v\u00e0 t\u1edbi n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc sinh khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh h\u01a1n \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed tham gia. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em. n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n, hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn th\u00edch gh\u00e9 qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non n\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n. \u0110em c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nhau h\u01a1n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i linh ho\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai. N\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 \u200b\u200bm\u1ea7m non l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p m\u1ea7m non. Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean m\u1ea7m non (gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb, tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non, nh\u00f3m vui ch\u01a1i, vv) c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng.<br \/>\n26. 24 H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN PHCNDVC\u0110 > 3: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C H\u1ed8P 17 T\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh Hambantota \u1edf Sri Lanka, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i m\u1ea7m non. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 trong huy\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, tuy nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u1edf Sri Lanka \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean m\u1ea7m non \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3. Sau kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng nhau x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng cha m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb, giao cho h\u1ecd tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00fap cho k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em \u0111ang theo h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non v\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp. T\u00e0itr\u1ee3chogi\u00e1ovi\u00ean\u0111\u1ec3thamgia\u0111\u00e0ot\u1ea1otronggi\u00e1od\u1ee5ch\u00f2anh\u1eadp Sri Lanka Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o Trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o, khi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u00ec tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng do s\u1ef1 khan hi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c. Tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt do ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 vui ch\u01a1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o song song v\u1edbi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non (xem th\u00eam H\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n sinh k\u1ebf). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 sau: \u2022Gi\u00fap c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm, tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u01a1n v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng \u00edt b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n. \u2022T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c em tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh.Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00eam ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao th\u00eam tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, do \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. \u2022T\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (xem h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng). \u2022Gi\u00fap c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 kh\u00e1c. \u2022Gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea7m non \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 con b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt.<br \/>\n27. Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non 25 H\u1ed8P 18 \u1ede M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb \u201cGer\u201d cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non cho con em c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n di c\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh n\u0103m theo nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00f9ng xa x\u00f4i h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, c\u00e1c b\u1eefa \u0103n hay vi\u1ec7c \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111i h\u1ecdc b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian. Cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 tu s\u1eeda v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea7m non \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i tham gia t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc di \u0111\u1ed9ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ec3qu\u00e1tr\u00ecnhh\u00f2anh\u1eadpc\u00f3th\u1ec3di\u1ec5nra,h\u1ec7th\u1ed1ngc\u1ea7nph\u1ea3ithay\u0111\u1ed5i,nh\u01b0ngc\u00e1cch\u01b0\u01a1ngtr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh.Trong quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c (c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp, tuy nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 n\u00ean v\u1eadng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p, xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p, xung \u0111\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c thi\u00ean tai n\u00e0o.V\u00ec r\u1ea5t linh ho\u1ea1t n\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y.Vui ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng gian th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng vui ch\u01a1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5 sung v\u1ec1 PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o).<br \/>\n28. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc 27 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i s\u00e1u ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3y v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tr\u1ebb b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3nThi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2015, tr\u1ebb em \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, tr\u1ebb trai c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ebb g\u00e1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc (7). \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc, n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tham gia, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u00ed v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (20). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. UNESCO hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n 90% tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i h\u1ecdc (6). Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c tham gia th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf &#8211; x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (5). Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0110i\u1ec1u 24, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng\u201c&#8230; tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c &#8230;\u201d (4). Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp, cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt.<br \/>\n29. 28 H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN PHCNDVC\u0110 > 3: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C H\u1ed8P 19 T\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7n Douentza c\u1ee7a Mali, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho con tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 tham gia \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u1ee6y ban Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc cho tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc cho c\u00e1c b\u00e9 g\u00e1i. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 x\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u1ee7y ban tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 xe ba b\u00e1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em g\u00e1i v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u em nh\u1ecf b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c em ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean nghi ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u201c\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp cho tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb cam k\u1ebft sang ni\u1ec1m tin!\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n duy tr\u00ec cam k\u1ebft m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd theo th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em Mali<br \/>\n30. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc 29 M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp, nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u2022Huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tham gia x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp. \u2022C\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 tham gia trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp. \u2022T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u2022C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp. \u2022C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. \u2022C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u2022C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 thao, ca nh\u1ea1c, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9) t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp. \u2022C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia d\u00e0nh cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. \u2022C\u00e1c tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc. \u2022T\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng), t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n, s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai tham gia. C\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cha m\u1eb9 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0. V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ea1o m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kh\u00e1c nhau.<br \/>\n31. 30 H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN PHCNDVC\u0110 > 3: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ebf, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 d\u1ea1y ch\u1eef n\u1ed5i Braille ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y. H\u1ed8P 20 Yuri Soto Mescco s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecb em c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong d\u00e3y n\u00fai Andes, Peru. Yuri \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ea1i n\u00e3o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u1eadu b\u00e9 mu\u1ed1n \u0111i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ch\u1ecb em c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u1eadu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 giao th\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o n\u00e2ng cao quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng cho m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Yuri v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t xe ba b\u00e1nh v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. Yuri b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u theo h\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n c\u1eadu do c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. L\u1ed1i \u0111i m\u1edbi d\u1eabn t\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Yuri Peru Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1ed1i, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, cha m\u1eb9, tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ed8P 21 Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u1edf v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Damascus, Syria, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham d\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3ng \u0111en, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i, l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i. T\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i Damascus \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. Tr\u1ebb em, ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1ea1o ra thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp Syria<br \/>\n32. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc 31 Ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u1eb3ng k\u00e9m h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u00e0n l\u00e2m. Tr\u1ebb g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u00e0n l\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u00fap chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp. \u0110\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng Tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng linh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu li\u00ean minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t cho tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho tr\u1ebb em t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e1p \u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, ngay c\u1ea3 khi tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt.V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadpv\u00e0och\u01b0\u01a1ngtr\u00ecnhgi\u1ea3ngd\u1ea1ytheonh\u1eefngc\u00e1chkh\u00e1cnhau:m\u1ed9tng\u01b0\u1eddic\u00f3th\u1ec3th\u1ea5ycu\u1ed9n b\u0103ng ghi \u00e2m l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef n\u1ed5i Braille c\u00f3 \u00edch h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb em khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u m\u00f4i, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 (21). M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1ch trang tr\u00ed b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch), nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e0u s\u1eafc tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u1ea5y h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 tham gia.Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian bi\u1ec3u c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc hay kh\u00f4ng. L\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0\u201cph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i\u201d. \u0110\u00f4i khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tham gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng trang l\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb thi\u1ec3u n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ebb. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb.<br \/>\n33. 32 H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN PHCNDVC\u0110 > 3: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc linh ho\u1ea1t Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra trong m\u1ed9t to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngay c\u1ea3 khi tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 (xem ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy). Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngh\u0129a \u0111en kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Song kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ebb n\u00e0o ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (4). H\u1ed8P 22 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc (UEE) trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bu\u1ed5i c\u1eafm tr\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 xin c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc n\u1eb1m trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1000<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":5663,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4413,5287,5282,5281],"tags":[],"series":[2184],"coauthors":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Quy\u1ec3n 3: H\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c - H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng [eBook] - D\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Quy\u1ec3n 3: H\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c - H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng [eBook] - 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