{"id":5664,"date":"2016-01-25T19:32:25","date_gmt":"2016-01-25T12:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.org\/du-an-khac\/2016\/01\/25\/quyen-4-hop-phan-sinh-ke-huong-dan-phuc-hoi-chuc-nang-dua-vao-cong-dong-ebook\/"},"modified":"2024-03-17T04:10:58","modified_gmt":"2024-03-16T21:10:58","slug":"quyen-4-hop-phan-sinh-ke-huong-dan-phuc-hoi-chuc-nang-dua-vao-cong-dong-ebook","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.com\/du-an-khac\/quyen-4-hop-phan-sinh-ke-huong-dan-phuc-hoi-chuc-nang-dua-vao-cong-dong-ebook\/","title":{"rendered":"Quy\u1ec3n 4: H\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n Sinh k\u1ebf &#8211; H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng [eBook]"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe style=\"border: 1px solid #CCC; border-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%;\" src=\"\/\/www.slideshare.net\/slideshow\/embed_code\/key\/jr4o9LDnEMdxTI\" width=\"668\" height=\"880\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"> <\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng<\/h2>\n<h2>Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n (t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7)<\/h2>\n<h2>Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/h2>\n<h2>D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n<h2>An sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/h2>\n<p style=\"color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #006400;\"><strong>Download t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/login?from_source=%2Fyhoccongdong%2Fquyen-4-hop-phan-sinh-ke%3Ffrom_action%3Dsave&amp;from=download&amp;layout=foundation\">https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/login?from_source=%2Fyhoccongdong%2Fquyen-4-hop-phan-sinh-ke%3Ffrom_action%3Dsave&amp;from=download&amp;layout=foundation<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #006400;\"><strong>B\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>1. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe<br \/>\n2. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c WHO Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng: C\u1ea9m nang h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng 1. Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. 2. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. 3. C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. 4. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch y t\u1ebf. 5. Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 6. C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. 7. S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. 8. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. I. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. II. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c. III. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. IV. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. ISBN 978 92 4 354805 0 (TH\u01af VI\u1ec6N Y KHOA QU\u1ed0C GIA HOA K\u1ef2 \/ M\u00c3 TRA C\u1ee8U:WB 320) Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1edfi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010 v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: \u201cCommunity-based rehabilitation: CBR guidelines\u201d B\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n \u00a9 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 2010 WHO b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 quan b\u00e1o ch\u00ed WHO, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, s\u1ed1 20 \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Appia, 1211 Gi\u01a1-ne-v\u01a1 27, Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9 (\u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: bookorders@who.int). C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 xin ph\u00e9p t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a WHO \u2013 b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kinh doanh hay ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i phi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u2013 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan b\u00e1o ch\u00ed WHO , t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau tr\u00ean (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: permissions@who.int). C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c danh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u trong \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1ed1c gia, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hay khu v\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, hay li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ranh gi\u1edbi hay bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch hay khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb b\u1edfiT\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9cY t\u1ebfTh\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty hay s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb do sai s\u00f3t v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft hoa. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c minh c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 trong \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 hay ng\u1ee5 \u00fd. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y. C\u1ee5c B\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, B\u1ed9 Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng,Th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i,Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7aT\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trao quy\u1ec1n d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1edfi In\u00eds Communication \u2013 www.iniscommunication.com In t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<br \/>\n3. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n (t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 An sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57<br \/>\n4. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u 1 L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00e2y n\u00ean ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i gi\u1ed1ng nhau, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i ph\u00e1t sinh.Tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, thanh ni\u00ean khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Tai h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed (Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua b\u1edfi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ILO) n\u0103m 1958 (S\u1ed1 111) (1), C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ILO (cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt), n\u0103m 1983 (S\u1ed1 159) (2) v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (3). Tuy nhi\u00ean, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng(PHCNDVC\u0110) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd, gi\u00fap h\u1ecd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o.Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i sinh k\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c xo\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o. Sinh k\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1edf c\u1ea5p c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d(4). Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh khi tu\u1ed5i c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf &#8211; tr\u1ebb em quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1eeb cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, tham gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. M\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u sinh k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. H\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n Sinh k\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110, c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sinh k\u1ebf trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t<br \/>\n5. 2 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 > 4: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u1edbn h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u1ed8P 1 David Luyombo b\u1ecb m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb. Anh b\u1ecb cha m\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf v\u00ec b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb9 anh \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m cho anh t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, David \u0111\u00e3 theo h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa \u1edf Kampala, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Uganda, sau \u0111\u00f3 anh \u0111\u00e3 theo h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng gia s\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng t\u00fa t\u00e0i chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh k\u1ebf to\u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0 k\u00fd. David c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong vi\u1ec7c tham gia c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf Masaka v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean k\u1ebf to\u00e1n \u1edf Kampala th\u00ec anh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, anh \u0111\u00e3 theo h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb xa c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Makerere \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia th\u00fa y, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (NGO). Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, David \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia th\u00fa y t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u1edf Masaka v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u huy \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Anh l\u0103n xe quanh khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n qu\u00ea anh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Anh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec huy \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh coi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u1ee3. David b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nu\u00f4i b\u00f2, d\u00ea, l\u1ee3n, g\u00e0 v\u00e0 g\u00e0 t\u00e2y ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac gia c\u1ea7m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Anh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eb7ng cho c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00e0y con gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i anh ta l\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u1eefng con gi\u1ed1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c. David s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac gia c\u1ea7m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t trang tr\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y. Trang tr\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a David b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 b\u00f2 Friesian, d\u00ea lai, l\u1ee3n g\u00e0 t\u00e2y v\u00e0 g\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc chu\u1ed3ng ki\u00ean c\u1ed1. David \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt Kawule v\u00e0 Gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau, hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 500 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. M\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i. David chia s\u1ebb r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u2018kh\u00f4ng\u2019 v\u1edbi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bv\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Uganda. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, ngh\u1ec1 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. \u0110i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 canh t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac.\u201d David \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Uganda<br \/>\n6. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u 3 M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh k\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kinh t\u1ebf cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i sinh k\u1ebf, tham gia nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u2022Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. \u2022Cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, n\u00e2ng cao k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd. \u2022Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t. \u2022 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh vi m\u00f4. \u2022Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi. \u2022C\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c sinh k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u2022C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o c\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. \u2022Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u2022Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u2022Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u2022 H\u1ed8P 2 C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c do m\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1edfi m\u1edf, h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m,th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng qua quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd &#8230; C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 &#8211; C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (3)<br \/>\n7. 4 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 > 4: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0\/ ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u2022Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u2022Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong h\u1ed9 kinh doanh \u2022C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 hay th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u2022C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf \u2022Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u2022Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng ty nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n trong khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u2022C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed ch\u1ed7 \u0103n \u1edf h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao h\u00e0m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u00f4ng tr\u00ed \u00f3c. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u00edt tay ngh\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c tay ngh\u1ec1 cao. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o thu nh\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o m\u00e3i m\u00e3i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 cao v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1. ILO m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng nh\u01b0 sau: H\u1ed8P 3 \u201cVi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n thu nh\u1eadp c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, an to\u00e0n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ef1 do cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi. \u201c(5) Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng: \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ILO<br \/>\n8. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u 5 Hy sinh v\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7. Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. S\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u201cS\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd\u201dc\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i: m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, n\u1ed9i dung c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, n\u01a1i \u0103n ngh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n thang n\u1ed1i, n\u00e2ng cao m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 mua ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ecdc m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng theo c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m gi\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c, cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1edf th\u00edch, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng, th\u1ecb x\u00e3 hay th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c Khuv\u1ef1ckinht\u1ebfch\u00ednhth\u1ee9c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u0111i\u1ec1uch\u1ec9nhb\u1edfich\u00ednhph\u1ee7v\u00e0baog\u1ed3mvi\u1ec7cl\u00e0mtrongkhu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0u v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m y t\u1ebf. Khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia. Khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kinh doanh nh\u1ecf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. \u1edeh\u1ea7uh\u1ebftc\u00e1cn\u01b0\u1edbcthunh\u1eadpth\u1ea5p,n\u1ec1nkinht\u1ebfphich\u00ednhth\u1ee9cs\u1eedd\u1ee5ngph\u1ea7nl\u1edbnl\u1ef1cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt h\u01a1n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c.Tuynhi\u00ean,lu\u1eadtch\u1ed1ngph\u00e2nbi\u1ec7t\u0111\u1ed1ix\u1eedth\u01b0\u1eddngkh\u00f4ng\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00e1pd\u1ee5ng\u0111\u1ed1iv\u1edbin\u1ec1nkinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ngph\u1ea3il\u00e0m\u1ed9tquy\u1ec1n\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ngnhi\u00ean,m\u00e0\u0111\u00f2ih\u1ecfiph\u1ea3ic\u00f3n\u1ed7l\u1ef1cchungc\u1ee7ang\u01b0\u1eddikhuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ra trong h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y.<br \/>\n9. 6 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 > 4: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe N\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf, xa x\u00f4i. N\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf, khu ph\u1ed1 \u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t, c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0\u201cc\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ven \u0111\u00f4\u201d(khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u01b0 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hay tr\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang). Trong h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, \u201cth\u00e0nh th\u1ecb\u201dc\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb x\u00e3 hay th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong khi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ven \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u201cn\u00f4ng th\u00f4n\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ki\u1ebfm thu nh\u1eadpkh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. \u1ede khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, \u1edf c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. \u1ede khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 \u00edt l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01a1n. Chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m s\u1ebd g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed l\u1edbn cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ebd g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp, do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 khi c\u00f2n b\u00e9. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra, duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i sinh k\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong c\u00e1c khu \u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb ngh\u00e8o, vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. (Xem th\u00eam H\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.) T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u00e8o th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 sinh k\u1ebf, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 sinh k\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<br \/>\n10. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u 7 C\u00e1c nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp trong v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea5p. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n r\u1eb1ng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, gi\u00fap h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u00eam ni\u1ec1m hi v\u1ecdng. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh: k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kinh doanh v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 do Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 do bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 hay kinh doanh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c theo nh\u00f3m, b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c to\u00e0n th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u1ea3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, trong c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c.Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 do mang l\u1ea1i thu nh\u1eadp cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kinh t\u1ebf cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng theo h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng (b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng) v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c doanh nghi\u1ec7p.Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u doanh nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecm thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng.<br \/>\n11. 8 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 > 4: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, nh\u00ecn chung \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh doanh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u00edn d\u1ee5ng vi m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, trong khi t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh vi m\u00f4 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, cho vay mua nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ec1u h\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh vi m\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 \u1edf h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3, c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh vi m\u00f4 (MFIs). \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf c\u1ea5p c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 H\u1ed9i lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng quay v\u00f2ng (ROSCA) (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng), trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9p s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201cm\u00f3n ti\u1ec1n l\u1edbn\u201d chung h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdn g\u00f3i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n vay ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t cho m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y tinh th\u1ea7n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 trao quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. An sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi an sinh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi s\u01b0 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c, hay thi\u1ebfu thu nh\u1eadp do b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u00f3i chung. B\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i nh\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u1edf c\u1ea5p c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p t\u00e0n t\u1eadt. Vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u1edf c\u1ea5p c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c.<br \/>\n12. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u 9 H\u1ed8P 4 Imad Abdul-Fatah Abu Tabikh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Yatta, huy\u1ec7n Hebron, Palestine, b\u1ecb li\u1ec7t t\u1eeb n\u0103m 13 tu\u1ed5i do ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee7y s\u1ed1ng. Anh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng l\u1edbp v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00ec r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Imad khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf Yatta v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994. T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a anh r\u1ea5t t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7. Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a anh, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a anh trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Anh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i quanh th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m gi\u00fap anh ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 anh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe l\u0103n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a anh t\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi Imad. Anh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e2u v\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Palestine khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i vi\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Yatta. Theo Imad, \u201cTr\u01b0\u1edbc khi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb suy s\u1ee5p, b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 tin. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n, t\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9. Khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m t\u00f4i b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 h\u01a1n \u201c. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y (2010), Imad, 39 tu\u1ed5i, ch\u01b0a l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Anh s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1eb9, anh trai v\u00e0 hai ch\u1ecb em trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a anh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Anh \u0111\u01b0a ra ba l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u2022X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng qua ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; \u2022H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng; \u2022Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p gi\u00fap cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a anh d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. B\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Imad Palestine<br \/>\n13. 10 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 > 4: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe<br \/>\n14. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng 11 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh k\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m h\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 tin, k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau,bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kinh doanh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 l\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u2022Thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng (vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 do) v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp. \u2022Tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em trai v\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi. \u2022C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. \u2022Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 &#8211; h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap, v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. \u2022Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<br \/>\n15. 12 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 > 4: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe H\u1ed8P 5 C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi Trung t\u00e2m Truy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o B\u1ec7nh phong \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi b\u1ec7nh phong \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, may m\u1eb7c, h\u00e0n, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, ph\u00e1t thanh, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa tivi, t\u1ed1c k\u00fd, tr\u1ed3ng d\u00e2u nu\u00f4i t\u1eb1m, in ofset v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. H\u1ecdc vi\u00ean sau khi h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kinh doanh v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng bao g\u1ed3m ba l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c: ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, suy ngh\u0129 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi: t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, t\u00ednh nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t, s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, ch\u1ed1ng HIV\/AIDS, nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c bao g\u1ed3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo nh\u00f3m, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y theo ba c\u00e1ch: (a) th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1eady s\u1edbm, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn v\u1ec7 sinh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, (b) th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean trung t\u00e2m (c) th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 95% h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. C\u00f3 ba l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cao v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n; ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i Trung t\u00e2m Truy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o B\u1ec7nh phong th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cao. Th\u1ee9 hai, Trung t\u00e2m Truy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o B\u1ec7nh phong c\u00f3 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u1ea5t n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u1ee9 ba, Trung t\u00e2m Truy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o B\u1ec7nh phong c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i c\u1ef1u h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh gi\u00fap gi\u1eef m\u1ed1i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 v\u1edbi trung t\u00e2m, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng vi\u00eac. D\u1ea1y c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i Trung t\u00e2m Truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o B\u1ec7nh phong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<br \/>\n16. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng 13 C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft, l\u00e0m to\u00e1n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u, trong m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, trong c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng gi\u00fap th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 &#8211; l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c, may m\u1eb7c, d\u1ec7t, luy\u1ec7n kim, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u00e1y ti\u1ec7n, \u0111an gi\u1ecf, r\u00e8n thi\u1ebfc, \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, y h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. N\u00f3i chung, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00e0ng n\u00e2ng cao, c\u00e0ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kinh doanh (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng doanh nh\u00e2n) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ee7i ro, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kinh doanh, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc &#8211; vi\u1ebft. C\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh, th\u1ee3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa xe m\u00e1y v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t th\u00ec bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kinh doanh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n bao g\u1ed3m th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, l\u1eafng nghe hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp, t\u01b0 duy s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo nh\u00f3m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho d\u00f9 b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00ec c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c), c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<br \/>\n17. 14 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 > 4: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110, khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1edf th\u00edch, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ri\u00eang. B\u00e9 g\u00e1i hay b\u00e9 trai, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1i \u01b0u n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bv\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m. C\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng. Bao g\u1ed3m: \u2022t\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c; \u2022t\u00edch l\u0169y k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh; \u2022gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n; \u2022\u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc; \u2022\u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; \u2022\u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ngh\u1ec1; \u2022\u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; \u2022c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cao \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc; \u2022tham gia c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kinh doanh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh doanh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3\/c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n; \u2022h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1edf th\u00edch, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3.<br \/>\n18. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng 15 H\u1ed8P 6 Zou Kaiyuan sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Yi Chang, t\u1ec9nh H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1951. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1nh tay c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec d\u1ecb t\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng thu nh\u1eadp v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 trang tr\u1ea3i cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng cho \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh &#8211; \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp cho ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f3n tay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eb7t c\u00e1c con ki\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gian kh\u1ed5, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. B\u1edfi v\u1eady Yi Chang gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. Con g\u00e1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t y t\u00e1. Yi Chang r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n t\u00e2m l\u00fd cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Yi Chang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong t\u1ec9nh. \u00d4ng chia s\u1ebb: \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. T\u00f4i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i. Khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp, suy ngh\u0129 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp nh\u1ea5t. T\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ecdi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. \u201c \u00d4ng c\u0169ng chia s\u1ebb r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c. \u00dd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Zou Trung Qu\u1ed1c C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ngh\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb cha m\u1eb9, anh ch\u1ecb em v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh.\u201cV\u1eeba h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba l\u00e0m\u201d t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng sinh k\u1ebf kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 \u0111a khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eeba h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba l\u00e0m n\u00e0y v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u1ebb em ho\u1eb7c thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ph\u1ee5 huynh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi mong mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee9a con khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng con c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hay \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u1ee9a con \u0111\u00f3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay doanh nghi\u1ec7p gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ec7c g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<br \/>\n19. 16 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 > 4: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cha m\u1eb9 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 anh \/ c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n: \u2022X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh; \u2022Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u1eefu \u00edch, cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh; \u2022Theo d\u00f5i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tham gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 sinh k\u1ebf. H\u1ed8P 7 \u1ede v\u00f9ng Bicol c\u1ee7a Phi-l\u00edp-pin, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 t\u1eeb Q\u0169y Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Tr\u1ebb em Simon of Cyrene \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con trai nh\u1ecf b\u1ecb m\u00f9. B\u00e0 g\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 d\u1ec7t v\u1edbi hai khung d\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ee9a con trai ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec7t. Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 d\u1ea1y cho \u0111\u1ee9a con trai c\u00e1ch d\u1ec7t. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 hai m\u1eb9 con \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n, t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a hai khung d\u1ec7t thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u1eadu con trai d\u1ec7t n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 Phi-l\u00edp-pin Cho ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c: gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh k\u1ebf, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5cch\u00ednhquyv\u00e0kh\u00f4ngch\u00ednhquy(xemH\u1ee3pph\u1ea7nGi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c). C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng sang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1eeba h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba l\u00e0m. T\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tham gia \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tay ngh\u1ec1, h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ngh\u1ec1. H\u1ecdc sinh khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham gia c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp cho thanh ni\u00ean t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng sang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt tham gia. (Xem th\u00eam H\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c: Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n)<br \/>\n20. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng 17 C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n: \u2022X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc sang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; \u2022H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho h\u1ecd tham gia c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u2022T\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau. Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00f3 hai l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra: \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u00e0m th\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecd c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111ang quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1, sau \u0111\u00f3: \u2022 Trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, xem li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng hay kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 hay kh\u00f4ng; \u2022Cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1; \u2022X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 tham gia c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1; \u2022G\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; \u2022 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i khi h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, \u0111i l\u1ea1i, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft (giao th\u00f4ng, phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3); \u2022H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cho th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u00e0o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c, n\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p; \u2022Gi\u1eef li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1eabn \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0 gi\u00fap v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh; \u2022Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<br \/>\n21. 18 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 > 4: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe H\u1ed8P 8 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt Malawi (MACOHA) kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ngh\u1ec1 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ee3i \u00edch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong th\u1eddi gian 1-2 n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed7i th\u1ee3 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng cho c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee3 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 tham gia ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh, th\u1ee3 may, th\u1ee3 thi\u1ebfc, th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c, th\u1ee3 kim lo\u1ea1i, th\u1ee3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa xe \u0111\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef may v\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m. C\u00e1c th\u1ee3 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi tham gia \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e2ng cao k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c MACOHA. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean sau khi h\u1ecdc xong \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh ri\u00eang, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh thu\u00ea l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. T\u00ecm m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p Malawi H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kinh doanh T\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty nh\u1ecf trong khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u1ea3 thi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt khi h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o ra thu nh\u1eadp. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kinh doanh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho h\u1ecd l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh vi m\u00f4. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tham gia c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111i l\u1ea1i, phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t). T\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh quy Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt s\u1ebd c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp &#8211; \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh quy th\u01b0\u1eddng mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1edbi h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. Trung t\u00e2m d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh quy th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh<br \/>\n22. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng 19 ph\u1ee7, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u1eefu \u00edch trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng\u0111\u1ed3ngn\u00ean\u0111\u1ea9ym\u1ea1nhvi\u1ec7cti\u1ebfpc\u1eadnc\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh quy t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt &#8211; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n khi \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh quy n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n bao g\u1ed3m: y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cao; c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 hay c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc kh\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn; h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cao, thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh quy thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt tham gia \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch: \u2022Th\u00f4ng tin cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt, h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5 huynh, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean; \u2022n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ngh\u1ec1 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; \u2022h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c ghi danh tuy\u1ec3n sinh v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n: \u2022\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec3n sinh c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n tuy\u1ec3n sinh; \u2022\u0110\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o linh ho\u1ea1t; \u2022T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n; \u2022H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau choc\u00e1ch\u1ecdcvi\u00eankhuy\u1ebftt\u1eadt,tr\u00e1nht\u00ecnhtr\u1ea1ngr\u1eadpkhu\u00f4nd\u1ef1atr\u00eankhuy\u1ebftt\u1eadtv\u00e0gi\u1edbit\u00ednh; \u2022T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c kho\u00e1 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau; \u2022X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe l\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u1edf t\u1ea7ng tr\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec7 sinh; \u2022B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong su\u1ed1t kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng gi\u00fap gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh.<br \/>\n23. 20 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 > 4: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe H\u1ed8P 9 C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf Ibadan, Nigeria li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n c\u01b0 kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 li\u00ean bang. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch g\u00e2y x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eb1m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, mong mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u1ebd theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 6 \u0111\u1ebfn 12 th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u1ea7y v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia c\u1ea7m, d\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nhu\u1ed9m v\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng. \u1ee6y ban c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecd m\u1edf t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m. Sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 mua c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng. Trong 10 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u01a1n 200 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m Nigeria T\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh Khi nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh quy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u1eefu \u00edch th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00ednh bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp thay v\u00ec khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh quy v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Trong khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. Trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng xung quanh. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gi\u1ecfi c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u201cngu\u1ed3n\u201d v\u1ec1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap trung t\u00e2m trong vi\u1ec7c: \u2022X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; \u2022N\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bv\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; \u2022 T\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc;<br \/>\n24. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng 21 \u2022Cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kinh doanh v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng; \u2022H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do; \u2022G\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 cho c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 mua c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c cho vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trung t\u00e2m H\u1ed8P 10 Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh (HLID) t\u1ea1i Salt, Jordan, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng &#8211; ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c, kim kh\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed cho c\u00e1c c\u1eadu b\u00e9, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng m\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, th\u00eau ren v\u00e0 d\u1ec7t th\u1ea3m cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4 b\u00e9 \u2013 tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng s\u1eeda xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 xe m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. H\u1ecdc vi\u00ean ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd coi vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh doanh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. HLID ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 kinh doanh. L\u1edbp \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp kim kh\u00ed thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1eafm, c\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng ng\u1eeba cho c\u1eebu. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e2u, th\u00eau ren v\u00e0 d\u1ec7t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch. Nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh du l\u1ecbch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 hoc vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng b\u00e1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong thung l\u0169ng Jordan b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Bi\u1ec3n Ch\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t khu du l\u1ecbch l\u1edbn. C\u1ea7m tay ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c Jordan<br \/>\n25. T\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 23 T\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u T\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p, khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng \u0103n l\u01b0\u01a1ng trong khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c do thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 do th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c theo m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1eadp. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m\/t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 khoai t\u00e2y chi\u00ean, v\u1ea3i v\u00f3c, \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t), cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m t\u00f3c, m\u00e1t-xa, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa xe hai b\u00e1nh, m\u1edf qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng internet) v\u00e0 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng, nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c gian h\u00e0ng). Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u00e8o, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau so v\u1edbi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng \u0103n l\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t\u200b\u200b, c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kinh doanh t\u1ed1t, quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n trong kinh doanh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u00ecn chung, Lu\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c khuc v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh b\u01b0\u01a1n ch\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o. V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t.<br \/>\n26. 24 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 > 4: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe H\u1ed8P 11 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Medunsa cho Doanh nh\u00e2n khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (MODE) tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kinh doanh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Soweto, Nam Phi. C\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, suy ngh\u0129 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o, ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh do sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c kho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a MODE c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cao. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 sau khi tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a MODE \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n thu nh\u1eadp h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng cao g\u1ea5p hai l\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Nam Phi. Mpho Motshabi, t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a MODE, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec7m s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa gi\u00e0y v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh hai ti\u1ec7m. Anh c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m d\u00e9p x\u0103ng \u0111an. Ti\u1ec7m s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa gi\u00e0y c\u1ee7a anh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda sau m\u1ed9t n\u0103m v\u00ec bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ch\u1eefng l\u1ea1i sau khi c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xe taxi ch\u1ea1y qua c\u1eeda ti\u1ec7m thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u01b0ng anh v\u1eabn gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m d\u00e9p x\u0103ng \u0111an v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1eddi trang v\u1ec1 d\u00e9p x\u0103ng \u0111an \u201cd\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d l\u00e0m t\u1eeb da \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ng\u1ef1a v\u1eb1n). Hi\u1ec7n \u00f4ng l\u00e0m kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 40-60 \u0111\u00f4i m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang Botswana, Namibia v\u00e0 Swaziland, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 6 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee7 nhu c\u1ea7u. L\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a MODE th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m: \u2022Cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p kinh doanh (n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kinh doanh, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc); \u2022Ki\u1ec3m tra s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean; \u2022T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kinh doanh; \u2022T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3; \u2022Ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kinh doanh c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean trong su\u1ed1t kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc; \u2022Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u do MODE ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tay ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; \u2022M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c MODE m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Mpho Nam Phi<br \/>\n27. T\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 25 M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c theo nh\u00f3m, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u2022Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf theo l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh hay theo nh\u00f3m. \u2022C\u00e1cch\u01b0\u01a1ngtr\u00ecnhph\u00e1ttri\u1ec3ndoanhnghi\u1ec7pnh\u1ecfc\u1ee7aCh\u00ednhph\u1ee7v\u00e0c\u1ee7at\u1ed5ch\u1ee9cphich\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cung c\u1ea5p. \u2022Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 &#8211; \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kinh doanh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh doanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh &#8211; \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh. \u2022 Ng\u01b0\u1eddikhuy\u1ebftt\u1eadt\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3cti\u1ebfpc\u1eadnnhi\u1ec1uh\u01a1nv\u1edbic\u00e1cc\u01a1h\u1ed9iph\u00e1ttri\u1ec3nk\u1ef9n\u0103ngkinhdoanh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u2022Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 doanh nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u2022Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u2022Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n h\u1ecd ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u2022 Doanhnh\u00e2nkhuy\u1ebftt\u1eadtth\u00e0nhc\u00f4ng\u0111\u00f3ngvaitr\u00f2l\u00e0gi\u1ea3ngvi\u00eanchonh\u1eefngng\u01b0\u1eddikhuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh Quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u201cT\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c do m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m s\u1edf h\u1eefu, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. T\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i con g\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n x\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n<br \/>\n28. 26 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 > 4: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch n\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh sau: \u2022C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o thu nh\u1eadp. \u2022C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf. \u2022C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p theo nh\u00f3m. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong s\u1ed1 ba lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng: s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, kinh doanh. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o thu nh\u1eadp C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o thu nh\u1eadp \u1edf quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1eddi gian, b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c theo m\u00f9a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o thu nh\u1eadp cho h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh.Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c gi\u00fap ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 tin h\u01a1n, kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i thu nh\u1eadp cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o thu nh\u1eadp bao g\u1ed3m: ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia c\u1ea7m v\u00e0 gia s\u00fac, l\u00e0m h\u00e0ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111an d\u1ec7t qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o. H\u1ed8P 12 Lam Pan m\u1ea5t ch\u00e2n do bom m\u00ecn g\u1ea7n Seam Reap, Campuchia. C\u00f4 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 gieo tr\u1ed3ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi \u0111an gi\u1ecf. C\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111an 5 gi\u1ecf m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e1n cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung gian thu mua h\u1eb1ng tu\u1ea7n. Vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n c\u00e1c gi\u1ecf n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n thu nh\u1eadp ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u00f9a v\u1ee5. C\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh doanh gi\u1ecf \u0111an l\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Lam Campuchia V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o thu nh\u1eadp bao g\u1ed3m: cho thu\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng, r\u1eeda xe h\u01a1i, s\u1ea1c pin v\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng coi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1n tr\u00e0.<br \/>\n29. T\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 27 H\u1ed8P 13 Enifa Stande l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u00f9 43 tu\u1ed5i \u1edf huy\u1ec7n Balaka, Malawi. C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hai con trai 24 v\u00e0 17 tu\u1ed5i. C\u00f4 b\u1ecb m\u00f9 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 41 tu\u1ed5i do t\u0103ng nh\u00e3n \u00e1p. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m c\u00f4 r\u1ea5t ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y c\u00f4 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. C\u00f4 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec7m tr\u00e0 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t. Ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f4 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebb c\u1ee7i v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p. Ti\u1ec7m tr\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhau. Enifa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb ti\u1ec7m tr\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb ba m\u1eabu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng ng\u00f4 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ti\u1ec7m tr\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Enifa Malawi V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh t\u1ea1o thu nh\u1eadp bao g\u1ed3m: kinh doanh m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf, b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1n s\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o thu nh\u1eadp, c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 01 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp ch\u00ednh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong \u0111\u00f3 (\u0111\u00f4i khi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cdoanh nghi\u1ec7p si\u00eau nh\u1ecf\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 si\u00eau nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau nhi\u1ec1u). C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\u201chi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d(t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m theo c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ngay ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t linh ki\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh doanh kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 b\u00e1n c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u1edbn trong khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ra c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eeba \/ nh\u1ecf): kim lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9c, may m\u1eb7c, d\u1ec7t th\u1ea3m, l\u00e0m h\u00e0ng may m\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, l\u00e0m t\u00fai da v\u00e0 ba l\u00f4, xi m\u0103ng, \u0111\u00fac kh\u1ed1i xi m\u0103ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng n\u1ea5m.<br \/>\n30. 28 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 > 4: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe H\u1ed8P 14 Trung t\u00e2m Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 (COD), m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Kerala, mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y nh\u1ecf l\u00e0m qu\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 40 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n. Qu\u1ea1t c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty \u1edf Delhi t\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y do ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng, tham v\u1ecdng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kinh doanh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 (\u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eeba\/nh\u1ecf): s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa xe \u0111\u1ea1p, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa ti vi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh, photocopy v\u00e0 fax, gian h\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00edn, xay b\u1ed9t, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 Internet. H\u1ed8P 15 Digital Divide Delta (DDD) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tri\u1ec3n khai \u1edf Campuchia cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty chuy\u00ean cung c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea l\u00e0m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. DDD \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho h\u1ecd c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. C\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean tr\u1ebb, c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 Campuchia C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00f3m Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p.Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0u ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tham gia l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 x\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia. \u201cNh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c\u201dl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng nhau v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung.Trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ti\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m trong nh\u00f3m. Ti\u1ec1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kinh doanh, ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t doanh<br \/>\n31. T\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 29 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quy m\u00f4 m\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. C\u1ea3 hai l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u01b0u v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u1ea3 hai kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. (Xem th\u00eam Ph\u1ea7n T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng Quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng: Nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c) H\u1ed8P 16 Nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt Titikuku l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 25 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf Lilongwe, Malawi, h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean doanh (Titikuku c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d). Sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn tr\u1ed3ng n\u1ea5m. T\u1ea1i sao? Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb t\u1ea5m nh\u1ef1a qu\u00e2y k\u00edn m\u1ed9t khung g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng n\u1ea5m. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ea1ch: kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n hay h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc hay \u0111\u00e0o x\u1edbi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb xe l\u0103n. N\u1ea5m nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng xe \u0111\u1ea1p. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Titikuku b\u00e1n h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu c\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng Malawi H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng tin gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3mTitikuku tr\u1ed3ng n\u1ea5m n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u00e0nh vi tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n. Chod\u00f9nh\u00f3ml\u00e0ch\u00ednhth\u1ee9chaykh\u00f4ngch\u00ednhth\u1ee9c,c\u00e1cnguy\u00eant\u1eafc\u0111\u1ec1ugi\u1ed1ngnhau:nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t doanh nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n k\u1ebf to\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngay c\u1ea3 trong nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c.<br \/>\n32. 30 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 > 4: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N SINH K\u1ebe T\u1eeb\u201ch\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3\u201dth\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng &#8211; \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i kinh doanh do c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 theo c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. H\u1ed8P 17 G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 650 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a 12 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eb1m trong li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf Phi-l\u00edp-pin l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u01a1 quan ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Phi-l\u00edp-pin. Ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n kinh doanh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea1n mua s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00ec th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i. H\u00e3y mua s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n\u201d L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi-l\u00edp-pin M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. C\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ho\u1eb7c x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t kinh doanh, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay nh\u00f3m, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh: 1.x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n; 2.nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n; 3.ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1edf th\u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0 duy ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 ai c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y. Nh\u00f3m Titikuku s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ea5m (xem \u1edf tr\u00ean) \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u00f3m Kerala s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t qu\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n (xem \u1edf tr\u00ean) kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhu c\u1ea7u trong v\u00f9ng, m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c ngo\u00e0i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<br \/>\n33. T\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 31 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tr\u1ed3ng n\u1ea5m l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Malawi khi nh\u00f3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Titikuku bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoa n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Lilongwe \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0m qu\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ebd thu mua c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfc qu\u1ea1t do nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m do Titikuku l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 n\u1ea5m, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eb7ng. Qu\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n, tuy k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 trong khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c hay phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf c\u1ea3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00ean c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ra th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia s\u00fac gia c\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 g\u00e0, l\u1ee3n, d\u00ea, m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2. Ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n Sinh k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":5665,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4413,5287,5282,5281],"tags":[],"series":[2184],"coauthors":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Quy\u1ec3n 4: H\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n Sinh k\u1ebf - H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng [eBook] - 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