{"id":5668,"date":"2016-01-25T19:40:00","date_gmt":"2016-01-25T12:40:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.org\/du-an-khac\/2016\/01\/25\/quyen-6-hop-phan-ve-tang-cuong-quyen-nang-huong-dan-phuc-hoi-chuc-nang-dua-vao-cong-dong-ebook\/"},"modified":"2024-03-17T04:10:59","modified_gmt":"2024-03-16T21:10:59","slug":"quyen-6-hop-phan-ve-tang-cuong-quyen-nang-huong-dan-phuc-hoi-chuc-nang-dua-vao-cong-dong-ebook","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.com\/du-an-khac\/quyen-6-hop-phan-ve-tang-cuong-quyen-nang-huong-dan-phuc-hoi-chuc-nang-dua-vao-cong-dong-ebook\/","title":{"rendered":"Quy\u1ec3n 6: H\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng &#8211; H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng [eBook]"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe style=\"border: 1px solid #CCC; border-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%;\" src=\"\/\/www.slideshare.net\/slideshow\/embed_code\/key\/y2TzB4mY5j0VcG\" width=\"668\" height=\"880\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"> <\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp<\/h2>\n<h2>Huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/h2>\n<h2>Tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/h2>\n<h2>C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c<\/h2>\n<h2>C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt<\/h2>\n<p style=\"color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #006400;\"><strong>Download t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;\"><a style=\"font-family: sans-serif, Arial, Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS'; line-height: 1.6em;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/login?from_source=%2Fyhoccongdong%2Fquyen-6-hop-phan-ve-tang-cuong-quyen-nang%3Ffrom_action%3Dsave&amp;from=download&amp;layout=foundation\">https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/login?from_source=%2Fyhoccongdong%2Fquyen-6-hop-phan-ve-tang-cuong-quyen-nang%3Ffrom_action%3Dsave&amp;from=download&amp;layout=foundation<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #006400;\"><strong>B\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>1. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG<br \/>\n2. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c WHO Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng: C\u1ea9m nang h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng 1. Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. 2. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. 3. C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. 4. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch y t\u1ebf. 5. Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 6. C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. 7. S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. 8. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. I. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. II. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c. III. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. IV. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. ISBN 978 92 4 354805 0 (TH\u01af VI\u1ec6N Y KHOA QU\u1ed0C GIA HOA K\u1ef2 \/ M\u00c3 TRA C\u1ee8U:WB 320) Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1edfi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010 v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: \u201cCommunity-based rehabilitation: CBR guidelines\u201d B\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n \u00a9 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 2010 WHO b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 quan b\u00e1o ch\u00ed WHO, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, s\u1ed1 20 \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Appia, 1211 Gi\u01a1-ne-v\u01a1 27, Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9 (\u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: bookorders@who.int). C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 xin ph\u00e9p t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a WHO \u2013 b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kinh doanh hay ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i phi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u2013 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan b\u00e1o ch\u00ed WHO , t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau tr\u00ean (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: permissions@who.int). C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c danh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u trong \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1ed1c gia, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hay khu v\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, hay li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ranh gi\u1edbi hay bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch hay khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb b\u1edfiT\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9cY t\u1ebfTh\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty hay s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb do sai s\u00f3t v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft hoa. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c minh c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 trong \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 hay ng\u1ee5 \u00fd. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y. C\u1ee5c B\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, B\u1ed9 Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng,Th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i,Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7aT\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trao quy\u1ec1n d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1edfi In\u00eds Communication \u2013 www.iniscommunication.com In t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<br \/>\n3. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br \/>\n4. L\u1edcI N\u00d3I \u0110\u1ea6U 1 L\u1edcI N\u00d3I \u0110\u1ea6U L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong ma tr\u1eadn PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t. Trong khi b\u1ed1n h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ma tr\u1eadn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t (\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, sinh k\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i), th\u00ec h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0o t\u1eebng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1eeb t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u1ecbch sang c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c (1). C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng bao g\u1ed3m: c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe, t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, t\u1ef1 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (1,2). Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh y t\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec.Trong khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac\u0111\u1ea9ym\u1ed9tm\u00f4h\u00ecnhph\u1ee5thu\u1ed9c-m\u1ed9tquan\u0111i\u1ec3mm\u00f4th\u1ee9cc\u1ee7ang\u01b0\u1eddichov\u00e0ng\u01b0\u1eddinh\u1eadn. Vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i (2). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong PHCNDVC\u0110. C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 sang m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 n\u00e0o n\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c trao quy\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<br \/>\n5. 2 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0111 &gt; 6: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG H\u1ed8P 1 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Malawi cho Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (MACOHA), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i (MPWDE), ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf Malawi. MACOHA ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c B\u1ed9, ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kinh t\u1ebf, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf Malawi (FEDOMA), t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CBM (m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt), Sight Savers qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Na Uy. D\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u01b0a ra khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 PHCNDVC\u0110, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Malawi \u0111\u00e3 coi PHCNDVC\u0110 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. MACOHA l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 sinh k\u1ebf trong b\u1ea3ng ma tr\u1eadn PHCNDVC\u0110, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi FEDOMA v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (DPO) nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao v\u1ecb th\u1ebf, quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ma tr\u1eadn. MACOHA, FEDOMA v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf c\u1ea5p huy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban tham d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u00e0 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 sinh k\u1ebf, h\u1ecd \u0111ang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt Na Uy cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng trong khi MACOHA th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ma tr\u1eadn PHCNDVC\u0110, th\u00ec tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a MACOHA v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u201ctrao quy\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf\u201d. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 Malawi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c B\u1ed9, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng Malawi<br \/>\n6. L\u1edcI N\u00d3I \u0110\u1ea6U 3 M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n \u2022 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin. \u2022 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u2022 Th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c R\u00e0o c\u1ea3n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. \u2022 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u2022 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung v\u1edbi nhau, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh T\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n \u1edf c\u1ea3 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec h\u1ecd v\u1eabn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh tuy nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u0169ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, khi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0m h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 cho h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n &#8211; c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c, thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 tin v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p. Ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 T\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. T\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y ra ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (2). Thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt thay \u0111\u1ed5i suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00edch<br \/>\n7. 4 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0111 &gt; 6: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG c\u1ef1c. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong suy ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng qua n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tham gia \u2013 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. N\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i (3). N\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u00f4ng tin Th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng tin. C\u00e0ng ngh\u00e8o th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n \/ quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00e0ng \u00edt; vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n, th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan\/ t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1eeb phi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (1). N\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd tham gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1eeb k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i. H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p chung. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nhau gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau (xem c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y).<br \/>\n8. L\u1edcI N\u00d3I \u0110\u1ea6U 5 Tham gia \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac, l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u1ea5u \u0103n, gi\u1eb7t gi\u0169; \u1edf c\u1ea5p c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Kh\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c Do s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung v\u1ec1 tham gia v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Vi\u1ec7c tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng tham gia \u2013 b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. H\u1ed8P 2 Myla Ayocho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Philippines v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1eadt n\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ed1t s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea9m sinh. T\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n \u00edt tu\u1ed5i, c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. C\u00f4 n\u00f3i \u201cl\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. T\u00f4i t\u1eebng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi \u2018t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i?\u201d V\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u00f4i c\u00f2n ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 t\u1eed. Th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua, t\u00f4i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch chung s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng t\u1eeb Simon Cyrene, t\u00f4i t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc k\u1ebf to\u00e1n (n\u0103m 2007). Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Albay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cho ph\u00e9p t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ra \u200b\u200bkh\u1ecfi v\u1ecf \u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00f4i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o. M\u00f3n qu\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh &#8211; khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d. Myla l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t Phi-l\u00edp-pin C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u00f3i ra cho ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3 giao ti\u1ebfp, c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c tin nh\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn, &#8211; nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u1ea3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t khi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng<br \/>\n9. 6 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0111 &gt; 6: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt &#8211; ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecd, cho h\u1ecd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bv\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110, v\u00e0 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. Tham gia v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m trong vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, bao g\u1ed3m tham gia ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh).Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c. Tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh, cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhau t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadnl\u1ee3ichoqu\u00e1tr\u00ecnht\u0103ngc\u01b0\u1eddngquy\u1ec1n.Y\u1ebfut\u1ed1n\u00e0yt\u1eadptrungv\u00e0oc\u00e1chth\u1ee9cm\u00e0ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c.<br \/>\n10. L\u1edcI N\u00d3I \u0110\u1ea6U 7 C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean \u201cc\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddikhuy\u1ebftt\u1eadt\u201d(DPO)\u0111\u1ec3th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 khu v\u1ef1c, qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau.Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u1edf c\u1ea5p c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y.<br \/>\n11. V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp 9 V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t trong xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110.V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e2u ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt.Tuy nhi\u00ean y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng. V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n trong giao ti\u1ebfp, v\u00ec v\u1eady ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u00edt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (4). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u00eau b\u1eadt t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u201c&#8230; th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 &#8211; giao ti\u1ebfp &#8230;\u201d, v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 21 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n\u201c&#8230; t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn\u200b\u200b, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn &#8230;\u201c(5). T\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt.Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng n\u1ed9i dung trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<br \/>\n12. 10 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0111 &gt; 6: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG H\u1ed8P 3 Hansa sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u1edf m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh t\u00ean l\u00e0 Dhanki \u1edf Gujarat, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo ng\u00e0y. B\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ebfc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u1eaft k\u00e9m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 thi\u1ec3u n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, Hansa b\u1ecb d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng coi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa\u201d. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4 b\u1ecb xa l\u00e1nh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng hay t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem \u0111i\u1ec1m x\u1ea5u. B\u1edfi v\u1eady th\u1ee9c \u0103n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh Hansa ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hansa v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4 khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 do T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Sense qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tham gia h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Trong nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn gia \u0111\u00ecnh Hansa, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Hansa b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, Hansa b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. C\u00f4 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00fap m\u1eb9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t Hansa l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ebfch nh\u00e1c v\u00e0 hay l\u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i m\u1edbi l\u1edbn \u0103n m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tin. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu\u00ea cha m\u1eb9 Hansa l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd t\u1edbi tay ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Hansa. Hansa b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tay c\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Hansa \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 t\u1ea7m tu\u1ed5i m\u00ecnh. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Hansa \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<br \/>\n13. V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp 11 M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eb1m cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n \u2022 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch giao ti\u1ebfp. \u2022 R\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. \u2022 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u00ecnh trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u2022 Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 giao ti\u1ebfp t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb th\u00f4ng tin v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 giao ti\u1ebfp. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh T\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng T\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng? T\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 b\u1ecb sai khi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00e1i kia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thay cho h\u1ecd. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho m\u00ecnh. T\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn xem m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd \u0103n g\u00ec, s\u1ebd m\u1eb7c g\u00ec, ho\u1eb7c, \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<br \/>\n14. 12 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0111 &gt; 6: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG H\u1ed8P 4 Tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m 2006, t\u1ea1i v\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m tr\u1ebb em t\u1eeb Bangladesh, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi New York \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. Trong m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, tr\u1ebb em nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin. T\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 k\u00fd k\u1ebft C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2007, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Nicaragua v\u00e0 Armenia nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9\/ v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd (i, ii, iii, iv). T\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 C\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u00e0o? \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng (xem c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i \u00fd). Trong khi t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin, cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp, vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u thay m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Giao ti\u1ebfp Giao ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Giao ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec. C\u00f3 ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, l\u00fd do v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u2022 C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n: \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua l\u1eddi n\u00f3i ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, v\u00e0\/ ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (xem H\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n Y t\u1ebf &#8211; S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe: c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap).<br \/>\n15. V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp 13 \u2022 L\u00fd do: \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao vi\u1ec7c giao ti\u1ebfp\/ trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ra. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m: t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c u\u1ed1ng, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c suy ngh\u0129, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bv\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, h\u1ecfi t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f9a. \u2022 C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i giao ti\u1ebfp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i giao ti\u1ebfp, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i tr\u1ed1n khi c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ef5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ebfc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tham gia trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp Trong khi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n hay giao ti\u1ebfp d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt mang t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c, th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 suy gi\u1ea3m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00f3i \u2013 giao ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh th\u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch, nh\u1eefng mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i. Giao ti\u1ebfp c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m\u201c&#8230; s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ch\u1eef n\u1ed5i Braille, th\u00f4ng tin x\u00fac gi\u00e1c, ch\u1eef in l\u1edbn, truy c\u1eadp \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, \u00e2m thanh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c thay th\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c\u201c(5) (xem h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 Y t\u1ebf &#8211; S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe: c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap). H\u1ed8P 5 Trang 14 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng xa x\u00f4i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i. Trang b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1i n\u00e3o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Trang k\u00e9m. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi c\u00f4 n\u00f3i v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Trang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m do k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. C\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Trang ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u00e0 nh\u1edd gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Trang. Trang b\u00e2y gi\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin\/ tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8. Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch gia \u0111\u00ecnh Trang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ea1y cho Trang bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc. Trang h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch giao ti\u1ebfp Vi\u1ec7t Nam<br \/>\n16. 14 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0111 &gt; 6: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG C\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 giao ti\u1ebfp T\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n trong giao ti\u1ebfp. C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu: r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 xa x\u00f4i v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch hay ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1nh giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, do thi\u1ebfu ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0a ra qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong giao ti\u1ebfp, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n giao ti\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd trong giao ti\u1ebfp. Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 giao ti\u1ebfp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o nh\u01b0: H\u00e3y giao ti\u1ebfp: S\u1ed5 tay d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong giao ti\u1ebfp (10) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 giao ti\u1ebfp. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0u \u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 sau: \u2022 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p giao ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0o \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng? \u2022 C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o? (c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt). \u2022 T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng? \u2022 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng? \u2022 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ai? \u2022 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00ec l\u00fd do g\u00ec? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0\/ ho\u1eb7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng? \u2022 Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i giao ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3? C\u00f4 \u1ea5y \/anh \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n\/ kh\u00f4ng hay l\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u1ea5y \/anh b\u1ecb b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh? \u2022 Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c giao ti\u1ebfp t\u1ed1t? \u2022 \u0110\u1ecba v\u1ecb, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u1edbi giao ti\u1ebfp? V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nam gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng? Gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ng\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh giao ti\u1ebfp hay kh\u00f4ng? H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp C\u00e1n b\u1ed9 PHCNDVC\u0110 s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp.Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ebd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 PHCNDVC\u0110 cung c\u1ea5p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 H\u00e3y giao ti\u1ebfp s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u<br \/>\n17. V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp 15 g\u1ee3i \u00fd h\u1eefu \u00edch. Sau khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n giao ti\u1ebfp, c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3: \u2022 H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean gia, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef; \u2022 \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, b\u1ea3ng giao ti\u1ebfp; \u2022 \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap khi c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ra cho c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o (xem H\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n v\u1ec1Y t\u1ebf: c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3); \u2022 \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u1ee3 th\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng; \u2022 D\u1ea1y ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin xem c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u; \u2022 \u0110\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i ch\u1ee3, n\u1ea5u \u0103n, gi\u1eb7t gi\u0169, l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc) v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb v\u00e0 c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; \u2022 Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \/c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh, c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ef5, c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 th\u1ec3 thao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m vui ch\u01a1i h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp. H\u1ed8P 6 Tr\u1ebb khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u1ee3 th\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u1ee3 th\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xem c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua pin gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u1ebfu ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra Stephanie b\u1ecb khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh. C\u00f4 s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, c\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi m\u1eb9. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c do b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng tai m\u00e3n t\u00ednh. C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 trang b\u1ecb m\u00e1y tr\u1ee3 th\u00ednh. Stephanie b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, n\u01a1i m\u1edf ra nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi cho c\u00f4. C\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ti\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8. Stephanie nghe th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 giao ti\u1ebfp C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt \u0111i ho\u1eb7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0111i c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 giao ti\u1ebfp trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng qua: \u2022 Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i giao ti\u1ebfp cho tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 \/ ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; \u2022 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u00f3i;<br \/>\n18. 16 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0111 &gt; 6: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG \u2022 Chia s\u1ebb th\u00f4ng tin v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch giao ti\u1ebfp \u01b0a th\u00edch, quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t\u201cS\u1ed5 tay giao ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201dcho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00f4 \u1ea5y \/ anh \u1ea5y; \u2022 H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ti\u1ebfp h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n cho vi\u1ec7c giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u, h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef n\u1ed5i; \u2022 Cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c g\u1ee3i \u00fd xem c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c giaoti\u1ebfp,v\u00edd\u1ee5nh\u01b0m\u1ed9tkh\u00f4nggiany\u00eant\u0129nh\u0111\u1ec3n\u00f3ichuy\u1ec7nv\u1edbim\u1ed9tng\u01b0\u1eddikhi\u1ebfmth\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ee7 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea5p m\u00e1y m\u00f4i; \u2022 Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 qua \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; \u2022 S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddig\u1eb7pkh\u00f3kh\u0103nv\u1ec1giaoti\u1ebfpph\u1ea3i\u0111\u1ed1im\u1eb7t; \u2022 C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng tin trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. H\u1ed8P 7 Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Bohol \u1edf Philippines, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Trong n\u0103m 2008, h\u01a1n 200 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ebfn 68 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ra k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 m\u00ecnh. S\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bn\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh. V\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1ed1n tu\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. Ba trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n PHCNDVC\u0110 trong vai tr\u00f2 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n Phi-l\u00edp-pin<br \/>\n19. V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp 17 Cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 n\u00ean \u2022 Nh\u1edb h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n g\u00ec; \u2022 Cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; \u2022 D\u1ea1y cho h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; \u2022 Cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; \u2022 T\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00e2u ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110; \u2022 Cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; \u2022 K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi giao ti\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng\/ giao ti\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, khi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, ho\u1eb7c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i: \u2022 Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng giao ti\u1ebfp th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n; \u2022 N\u00f3i chung m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; \u2022 Bi\u1ebft ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p giao ti\u1ebfp thay th\u1ebf; \u2022 Hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu t\u1ed1t, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng khi giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c; \u2022 Giao ti\u1ebfp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, sinh k\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; \u2022 Bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang.<br \/>\n20. Huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng 19 Huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u00ecm h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00fap l\u00e0m t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia v\u00e0o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y (11). C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. 1. \u0110em m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nhau T\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng 3. H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\/cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 4. H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng 2. N\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ea3ng 1: B\u1ed1n b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<br \/>\n21. 20 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0111 &gt; 6: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG H\u1ed8P 8 \u1ede Colombia, nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. N\u0103m 2002, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, sau v\u00e0i n\u0103m tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m mang t\u00ean FUNDISCA (T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u2013 V\u00f9ng Caucasian) t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Caucasia, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Colombia. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n FUNDISCA l\u00e0 t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n FUNDISCA \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f9ng tham gia v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, cha m\u1eb9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay, D\u1ef1 \u00e1n FUNDISCA \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 218 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 20 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n, h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n FUNDISCA \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cao h\u01a1n l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf\/ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qua th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, FUNDISCA \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Nh\u1edd chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, FUNDISCA \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Colombia<br \/>\n22. Huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng 21 M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng th\u00eam quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a \u0111i nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 l\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n \u2022 C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. \u2022 Gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. \u2022 C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110. \u2022 C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cC\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d Ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (PHCNDVC\u0110) cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110.\u201cC\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201dc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng nhau trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft.Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, s\u1edf th\u00edch v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau(12). V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n\u201ctruy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u201d, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00f3i c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c b\u00ean tham gia trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110. C\u00e1c b\u00ean n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd, h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd (Quy\u1ec3n 1) cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham gia n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean. L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00ean c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00ean kh\u00e1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng<br \/>\n23. 22 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0111 &gt; 6: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (xem th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n Y t\u1ebf). V\u00ec v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t\/m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch. Trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i. Quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 trong t\u1eebng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 quan t\u00f2a t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. PHCNDVC\u0110 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 tham gia tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (xem th\u00eam cu\u1ed1n Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u) V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Khi c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec, ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft.<br \/>\n24. Huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng 23 H\u1ed8P 9 T\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh Adaama, Ethiopia, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 PHCNDVC\u0110 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u b\u1eafc qua s\u00f4ng b\u1ecb g\u00e3y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 trai \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb g\u00e3y tay khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u00f4ng. C\u00e1n b\u1ed9 PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng mong mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Th\u00e2m ch\u00ed k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. X\u00e2y c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00ca-ti-\u00f4-pi-a C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u00ean ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh bao qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf xoay quanh c\u00e1c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. T\u00ecm hi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ngv\u00e0tri\u1ec3nkhaiPHCNDVC\u0110,ch\u00fangtac\u1ea7nc\u00f3ki\u1ebfnth\u1ee9ct\u1ed1tv\u1ec1c\u1ed9ng\u0111\u1ed3ng.Ch\u01b0\u01a1ngtr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00f3m ho\u1eb7c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o<br \/>\n25. 24 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0111 &gt; 6: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG vi\u00ean trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd.Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; th\u00f4ng qua quan s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh vi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd coi th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c, \u00e1p b\u1ee9c hay kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn t\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u1ec7n quan trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n: \u2022 xin ph\u00e9p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u2022 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u2022 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u2022 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean chia s\u1ebb th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 \u2022 trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 minh b\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. N\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec sao \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110a s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u00f3m, \u0111\u00f3ng k\u1ecbch, d\u00f9ng th\u1ebb ghi ch\u00fa, k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ca h\u00e1t, k\u1ecbch, m\u00faa r\u1ed1i, tranh tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, phim \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thanh. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd khi n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, bao g\u1ed3m: \u2022 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n; \u2022 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00ean ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; \u2022 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o kh\u00e2u tri\u1ec3n khai, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c; \u2022 \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi, c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n.<br \/>\n26. Huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng 25 H\u1ed8P 10 Kalumi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh, s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u1edf Kenya. Kalume g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng do b\u1ecb co c\u1ee9ng ch\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n l\u00ean c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ecfng. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u1eadu ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh Kalume b\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng xa l\u00e1nh b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u1eadu con trai b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, v\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ngay c\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t. Kalume \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u01b0a c\u1eadu b\u00e9 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m y t\u1ebf &#8211; t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh. Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u y t\u1ebf Kenya (KEMRI) ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt Kenya (APDK) ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt cho Kalume \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng co c\u1ee9ng. Kalume c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Kalume v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a KEMRI ki\u1ec3m tra h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng t\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a KEMRI \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y g\u00e2y ra, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ra x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh Kalume. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 K\u00ea-ni-a Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp. C\u00e1c b\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1n b\u1ed9 PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c b\u00ean r\u1eb1ng PHCNDVC\u0110 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9<br \/>\n27. 26 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0111 &gt; 6: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c PHCNDVC\u0110 (c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch) v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan (11).Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd tham gia v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi h\u1ecd tham gia, thay v\u00ec t\u1eb7ng cho h\u1ecd qu\u00e0 hay ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eddi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o) theo d\u00f5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i. T\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eddi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (xem Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd). C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham gia v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3. R\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gia \u0111\u00ecnh, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n th\u1ea5p. T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i g\u1eb7p th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n xem c\u1ea7n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c cho h\u1ecd. N\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u00eat t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<br \/>\n28. Huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng 27 T\u00f4n vinh nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 tham gia th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n vinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp.<br \/>\n29. Tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb 29 Tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 gi\u1eefa nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u2013 v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 tham gia v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb g\u1ed3m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tham gia, \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c \u1edf c\u1ea5p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c tham gia \u1ee9ng c\u1eed. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tham gia. \u0110i\u1ec1u 29, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201cC\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c: (5) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt g\u1eb7p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n khi tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb xem nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng. Tr\u1eeb khi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt h\u01a1n n\u1eefa tham gia, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, sinh k\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf.<br \/>\n30. 30 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0111 &gt; 6: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG H\u1ed8P 11 Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia Uganda (NUDIPU) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1987 \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 cho s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i chung. Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m NUDIPU ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, hi\u1ec7n nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 5 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea5p qu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, Uganda c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt bao g\u1ed3m: Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt 2003, Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 Khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt 2003, Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt 2006, v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng 2007. Lu\u1eadt 2006 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, tuy nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3. NUDIPU cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cN\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u\/khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf Uganda kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n N\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u1edf Gulu. Tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eadc cao, g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng xe l\u0103n. NUDIPU \u0111\u00e3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1eeda l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra v\u00e0o d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt 2006 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cTr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 khu v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chu\u1ea9n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt\u201d. NUDIPU \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ra t\u00f2a, v\u00e0 sau m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c phi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n, t\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 NUDIPU, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu m\u1ecdi chi ph\u00ed khi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec7n cho NUDIPU. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 ra v\u00e0o tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Gulu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho phong tr\u00e0o v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong ch\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m Gulu Uganda<br \/>\n31. Tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb 31 M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c khi tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chung. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a PHCNDVC\u0110 PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng: \u2022 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia; \u2022 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u2022 Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean PHCNDVC\u0110 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u2022 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb . \u2022 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. \u2022 Gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do nh\u01b0 tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c, vai tr\u00f2 gi\u1edbi, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd(13). Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 &#8211; bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7aT\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0110. Nh\u00ecn chung, c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m: \u2022 Ngh\u00e8o \u2013 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia, v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u tham gia. \u2022 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u2013 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. \u2022 S\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf.<br \/>\n32. 32 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0111 &gt; 6: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG \u2022 C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u2013 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c tham gia. \u2022 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed &#8211; c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn, e ng\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u2022 Thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh mang t\u00ednh th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u2013 c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u1ea5y g\u1eb7p kh\u0103n khi tham gia, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00f2m phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. \u2022 Thi\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu &#8211; \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u1eafm gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cao \u2022 R\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p &#8211; \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe tinh th\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tham gia \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng ngh\u00e8o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. Khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. Nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. C\u00f2n \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c thi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u1ea1i k\u00e9m v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u cho vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 bao g\u1ed3m ba c\u01a1 quan: c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, g\u1ed3m (qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i\/ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n), h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, (nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan d\u00e2n s\u1ef1) v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, (nh\u01b0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n). C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia theo c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia. \u1ede m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y b\u1ea7u ra c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. C\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea7u ra. \u1ede h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0ng x\u00e3, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5p qu\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c v\u00f9ng\/ mi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp sau l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i\/ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5p trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0\u201cch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau\u201d, \u201ch\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201dho\u1eb7c\u201cph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c\u201d\/<br \/>\n33. Tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb 33 C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 PHCNDVC\u0110 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua: \u2022 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u2022 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u01a1 quan- c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec v\u00e0 ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u2022 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u1edf c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng. \u2022 Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i phi \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o. H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3: \u2022 Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00f3a m\u00f9 ch\u1eef (tham kh\u1ea3o ph\u1ea7n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c); \u2022 \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n; \u2022 K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u1eefu \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, tham gia chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch; \u2022 \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; N\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt tham gia v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m: \u2022 L\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 quan ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt;<br \/>\n34. 34 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PHCNDVC\u0111 &gt; 6: H\u1ee2P PH\u1ea6N V\u1ec0 T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG QUY\u1ec0N N\u0102NG \u2022 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng; \u2022 \u0110\u01b0a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng do ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1eddi h\u1ecd tham gia l\u1ec5 khai m\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Ng\u00e0y qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt &#8211; nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb C\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n PHCNDVC\u0110 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m: \u2022 \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu khi c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu; \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; \u2022 Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u1ee7y ban b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia; \u2022 Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; \u2022 T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3oh\u1ecdc\u00f3th\u1ec3ti\u1ebfpc\u1eadnc\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu; \u2022 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed\/ c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00f3m y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y.<br \/>\n35. Tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb 35 H\u1ed8P 12 Qu\u1ef9 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IFES) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao Ph\u1ea7n Lan t\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i Ghana v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri khi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u1ede h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p, c\u1eed tri ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ghana b\u1ecb khi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. L\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef n\u1ed5i Braille v\u00ec \u00edt h\u01a1n 1% ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb \u1edf Ghana bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef. L\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 2002 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Ghana, H\u1ed9i li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt Ghana v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u00ean Ghana (14). T\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu Ghana<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":5669,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4413,5287,5282,5281],"tags":[],"series":[2184],"coauthors":[2185],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Quy\u1ec3n 6: H\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng - H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng [eBook] - 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