{"id":5492,"date":"2022-04-01T17:23:26","date_gmt":"2022-04-01T10:23:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.org\/san-phu-khoa\/chuong-1-kien-thuc-ve-su-thu-thai\/"},"modified":"2022-04-01T17:23:26","modified_gmt":"2022-04-01T10:23:26","slug":"chuong-1-kien-thuc-ve-su-thu-thai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.com\/san-phu-khoa\/chuong-1-kien-thuc-ve-su-thu-thai\/","title":{"rendered":"Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1: Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Ph\u1ea7n 1: Chu K\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t b\u00ecnh <strong>th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai<\/h2>\n<h3><strong>Sinh l\u00fd chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ra huy\u1ebft \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng \u1edf ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n chu k\u1ef3 n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 quan sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 t\u1eed cung) (<em>Wikipedia, n.d.<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p l\u00e0 28 ng\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n d\u00e0i ng\u1eafn kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng n\u00e0y qua th\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c. Do v\u1eady, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 kinh \u0111\u1ec1u khi chu k\u1ef3 kinh thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 24-38 ng\u00e0y (<em>Reed, B.G., Carr, B.R.,\u00a02015<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t x\u1ea3y ra do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean 2 c\u01a1 quan sinh s\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nang no\u00e3n t\u1eeb bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung t\u1eeb t\u1eed cung. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nang no\u00e3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nang no\u00e3n nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch c\u1ee1 t\u1ed1i \u0111a (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 no\u00e3n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh), no\u00e3n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00f3ng no\u00e3n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 14 c\u1ee7a chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t (<em>H\u00ecnh 1 v\u00e0 H\u00ecnh 2)<\/em>. Ti\u1ebfp theo, n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ea7y l\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 (<em>H\u00ecnh 3<\/em>). N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai x\u1ea3y ra, l\u1edbp n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung s\u1ebd bong tr\u00f3c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kinh nguy\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p>Chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 (hormones). Trong m\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 3 pha tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng) v\u00e0 t\u1eed cung (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 t\u1eed cung). Trong chu k\u1ef3 bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng g\u1ed3m pha no\u00e3n, pha r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 pha ho\u00e0ng th\u1ec3; trong khi chu k\u1ef3 t\u1eed cung g\u1ed3m pha h\u00e0nh kinh, pha t\u0103ng sinh v\u00e0 pha ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p>Bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng ti\u1ebft ra n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 estrogen. Estrogen gia t\u0103ng trong pha no\u00e3n c\u1ee7a chu k\u1ef3 bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 pha h\u00e0nh kinh c\u1ee7a chu k\u1ef3 t\u1eed cung.\u00a0 C\u00e1c nang no\u00e3n c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 t\u1eeb tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean l\u00e0 FSH (Follicular Simulating Hormones), sau \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c nang no\u00e3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 1 nang no\u00e3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh no\u00e3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c nang kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tho\u00e1i tri\u1ec3n (<em>H\u00ecnh 1<\/em>). V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa chu k\u1ef3, khi n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 LH (Luteinizing Hormone) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebft t\u1eeb 24-36 gi\u1edd, nang no\u00e3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng no\u00e3n nang (oocyte) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng (<em>H\u00ecnh 2, 3<\/em>). Sau khi r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng, no\u00e3n nang s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i 24 gi\u1edd cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee5 tinh hay kh\u00f4ng, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a no\u00e3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng th\u1ec3, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebft progesteron. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a progesteron, n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung chuy\u1ec3n sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5. N\u1ebfu th\u1ee5 tinh kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra trong v\u00f2ng 2 tu\u1ea7n, ho\u00e0ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd tho\u00e1i tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u1ea3 hai n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 estrogen v\u00e0 progesteron. Khi n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9, n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung bong tr\u00f3c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh kinh x\u1ea3y ra (<em>Beckman\u00a0C et al., 2010)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-40522 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.com\/san-phu-khoa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/03\/su-phat-trien-cua-nang-noan-trong-chu-ky-300x196-1.png\" alt=\"s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nang no\u00e3n trong thai k\u1ef3 \" width=\"300\" height=\"196\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">H\u00ecnh 1: S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nang no\u00e3n trong chu k\u1ef3 kinh (<em>Wikipedia, n.d.<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-40524 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.com\/san-phu-khoa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/03\/su-phat-trien-cua-nang-noan-giai-doan-noan-troi-300x142-1.png\" alt=\"s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nang no\u00e3n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n no\u00e3n tr\u1ed9i \" width=\"300\" height=\"142\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">H\u00ecnh 2: S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nang no\u00e3n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n no\u00e3n tr\u1ed9i (<em>Wikipedia, n.d.<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-40525 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.com\/san-phu-khoa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/03\/su-thay-doi-hormone-trong-chu-ky-300x164-1.png\" alt=\"s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hormone trong chu k\u1ef3\" width=\"300\" height=\"164\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">H\u00ecnh 3: S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hormone trong chu k\u1ef3 (<em>Wikipedia, n.d.<\/em>)<\/p>\n<h3><strong>C\u01a1 quan sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>C\u01a1 quan sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef g\u1ed3m 2 bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng, t\u1eed cung v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tr\u1ee9ng. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean (<em>H\u00ecnh 4<\/em>). N\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng trong m\u00e1u. C\u00e1c n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t, gi\u00fap \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh mang thai v\u00e0 gi\u00fap s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eefa m\u1eb9 sau khi sinh con. Estrogne v\u00e0 Progesteron l\u00e0 2 n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 do bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra kinh nguy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho tr\u1ee9ng th\u1ee5 tinh l\u00e0m t\u1ed5. Ngo\u00e0i ra 2 n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tim, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, gan, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 (<em>Beckman\u00a0C et al., 2010)<\/em>.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-40526 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.com\/san-phu-khoa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/03\/truc-ha-doi-tuyen-yen-buong-trung-219x300-1.png\" alt=\"tr\u1ee5c h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3i tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng \" width=\"211\" height=\"289\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">H\u00ecnh 4: Tr\u1ee5c h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3i-tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean-bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng\u00a0<em>(NIOSH, n.d.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1eady th\u00ec, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 kinh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng no\u00e3n m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng. M\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3 kinh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y h\u00e0nh kinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 khi chu k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 1 tr\u1ee9ng m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong 2-3 tu\u1ea7n, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng. No\u00e3n nang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch t\u1eeb nang tr\u1ee9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i n\u1eb1m trong bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng, s\u1ebd qua \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p tinh tr\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 tinh. N\u1ebfu no\u00e3n nang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 tinh, tr\u1ee9ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 2 tu\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t m\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 tinh, h\u1ee3p t\u1eed s\u1ebd di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o bu\u1ed3ng t\u1eed cung v\u00e0 b\u00e1m v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4i thai<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-40528 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.com\/san-phu-khoa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/03\/trung-duoc-thu-tinh-300x290-1.png\" alt=\"tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 tinh \" width=\"300\" height=\"290\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">H\u00ecnh 5: Tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 tinh\u00a0<em>(NIOSH, n.d.)<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u01a1 quan sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 2 tinh ho\u00e0n, c\u00f3 2 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 testosterone, gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u1ecdng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a nam, m\u1ecdc r\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c,<\/li>\n<li>S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra tinh tr\u00f9ng<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Sau khi tinh tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh (kho\u1ea3ng 72 ng\u00e0y), ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef trong m\u00e0o tinh ho\u00e0n (epididymis) l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tinh ho\u00e0n. Tinh tr\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb 15-25 ng\u00e0y, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu tinh tr\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t tinh, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p thu. N\u1ebfu tinh tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t tinh, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tinh tr\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd di chuy\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tinh (vas defenrens), \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00fai tinh (seminal vesicles) v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n luy\u1ec7t tuy\u1ebfn. T\u00fai tinh v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n li\u1ec7t tuy\u1ebft s\u1ebd c\u0169ng c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u1ecbch trong tinh d\u1ecbch (semen) (<em>Beckman et al., 2010<\/em>),\u00a0<em>(Reed BG and Carr BR, 2015)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Khi tinh d\u1ecbch n\u1eb1m trong \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o, tinh tr\u00f9ng s\u1ebd b\u01a1i qua c\u1ed5 t\u1eed cung v\u00e0o bu\u1ed3ng t\u1eed cung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tr\u1ee9ng. N\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra, s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 tinh s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tr\u1ee9ng. Khi \u1ea5y, tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tinh tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p 23 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 tinh. DNA trong c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh em b\u00e9 (c\u00f3 46 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 tinh s\u1ebd di chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eed cung, b\u00e1m v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 tinh tr\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c no\u00e3n nang \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 tinh th\u00ec tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng trong t\u1eeb cung \u0111\u1ebfn 2 ng\u00e0y r\u1ed3i tho\u00e1i tri\u1ec3n\u00a0<em>(Reed BG and Carr BR, 2015)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tinh tr\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 chu\u1ed7i DNA, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tinh tr\u00f9ng b\u1ecb h\u01b0 ho\u1ea1i DNA v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 tinh v\u1edbi tr\u1ee9ng; ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 tinh, tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 tinh b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e2\u00fa l\u00ean thai nhi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1\u00a0<em>(NIOSH, n.d.)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 thai m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t cao nh\u1ea5t. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mang thai theo ng\u00e0y trong chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u00e0y 0 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c mang thai d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng x\u1ea3y ra h\u01a1n khi c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1eeb 2-3 ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i mang thai khi quan h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng 2 ng\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y -2, th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 ng\u0103n c\u00f3 thai l\u00e0 26% so v\u1edbi 1% n\u1ebfu quan h\u1ec7n sau ng\u00e0y r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng 1 ng\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y -1)<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Wikipedia (n.d). Mentrual cycle. Retrieved on September 15, 2020 from<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menstrual_cycle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Menstrual_cycle\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Reed, B.G., Carr, B.R. (2015).\u202f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK279054\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Normal Menstrual\u00a0Cycle and the Control of Ovulation.<\/a>\u202fEndotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.<\/li>\n<li>Fraser, I.S., Critchley, H., Broder, M., Munro, M.G. (2011).\u202f<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pharllc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Fraser-Semin-Reprod-Med-2011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The FIGO Recommendations on Terminologies and Definitions for Normal and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.womenshealth.gov\/about-us\/disclaimers#1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(link is external)<\/a><em>The Seminars in Reproductive Medicine<\/em><em>;<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em>29(5): 383-390.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/96-132\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/96-132\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Beckman C et al. (2010). Obstetrics and Gynecology \u2013 ACOG, 6th edition. Chapter 33: Reproductive Cycle, page 303-308 National Institute Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (n.d.). Workplace hazards on Female reproductive health. Retrieved on September 15, 2021 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/99-104\/pdfs\/99-104.pdf?id=10.26616\/NIOSHPUB99104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/99-104\/pdfs\/99-104.pdf?id=10.26616\/NIOSHPUB99104\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><strong>C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 28 ng\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng chu k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 21-35 ng\u00e0y. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng n\u00e0y sang th\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c, thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 13-20 ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai \u1edf ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef bao g\u1ed3m<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><em><strong>Tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>Tu\u1ed5i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1eeb 18-35 l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n khi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1t 35 tu\u1ed5i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng suy gi\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c no\u00e3n nang c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m h\u01a1n, do v\u1eady l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 thai h\u01a1n, ngay c\u1ea3 khi chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1ee5 thai sau 35 tu\u1ed5i, do ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee9ng suy gi\u1ea3m, n\u00ean d\u1ec5 nguy c\u01a1 s\u1ea9y thai, thai l\u01b0u, v\u00e0 sinh em b\u00e9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng Down\u00a0<em>(Beckman C et al., 2010)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3nh n\u1ec1n:<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3nh n\u1ec1n s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng ti\u1ebft prolactine, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p (c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1p)\u2026 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 th\u1ee5 thai,<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng \u0111a nang (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: PCOS) th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng, do v\u1eady kh\u00f3 th\u1ee5 thai,<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef suy bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng nguy\u00ean ph\u00e1t (Primary Ovarian Insufficiency: POI), l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng d\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tu\u1ed5i 40, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u00e3n kinh s\u1edbm n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 thai kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra,<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft pha ho\u00e0ng th\u1ec3 (Luteal Phase Defect: LPD), l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 thai, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 tinh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea9y thai.<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan sinh s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 u x\u01a1 c\u01a1 t\u1eed cung, l\u1ea1c n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung, vi\u00eam v\u00f9ng ch\u1eadu g\u00e2y t\u1eaft \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tr\u1ee9ng\u2026 C\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd n\u00e0y khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i tr\u00ean 35 tu\u1ed5i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 thai (<em>Mayo clinic, n.d.<\/em>),\u00a0 (<em>NIOSH, n.d.<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><strong>L\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh:<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng, \u0103n u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9, t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t, ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, tr\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u00e1c ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i (thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u, ch\u00ec, ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea9y r\u1eeda c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u2026), tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh\u2026Khi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd gi\u00fap t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 thai\u00a0<em>(Office on women&#8217;s health, n.d.<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sau \u0111\u00e2y gi\u00fap t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 thai<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><em><strong>Tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c:<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0Tu\u1ed5i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 thai \u1edf nam gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 giao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eef gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 18-60 tu\u1ed5i. Khi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tinh tr\u00f9ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gene \u2026 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 thai.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u:<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh tr\u00f9ng<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n:<\/strong><\/em> c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng do l\u00e2y lan qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c (Sexually Transmitted Infections: STI), \u0111\u00e1i th\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1n li\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n c\u0103n ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh ho\u00e0n\u2026 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 thai<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng trong l\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ch\u00ec ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u: <\/strong><\/em>c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 thai (<em>Beckman C et al., 2010<\/em>), (<em>NIOSH, n.d.<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Office on women&#8217;s health (n.d.). Trying conceive. Retrieved on Septerm 16, 2021 from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.womenshealth.gov\/pregnancy\/you-get-pregnant\/trying-conceive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.womenshealth.gov\/pregnancy\/you-get-pregnant\/trying-conceive\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Mayo clinic (n.d.). Getting pregnant. Retrieved on September 16, 2021 from:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-lifestyle\/getting-pregnant\/in-depth\/female-fertility\/art-20045887\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-lifestyle\/getting-pregnant\/in-depth\/female-fertility\/art-20045887\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Beckman C et al. (2010). Obstetrics and Gynecology \u2013 ACOG, 6th edition. Chapter 33: Reproductive Cycle, page 303-308<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><strong>Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00ean chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho s\u1ef1 mang thai, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 thai\u2026 S\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 thai t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 3 th\u00e1ng. Do v\u1eady, c\u1ea3 hai c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 thai, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 thai, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c \u0111ang d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd n\u1ec1n (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3).<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ea3 hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng (c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i) n\u00ean \u0111i kh\u00e1m ki\u1ec3m tra, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mang thai. T\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m &#8220;tr\u01b0\u1edbc sinh&#8221; ho\u1eb7c &#8220;tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mang thai&#8221;, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, c\u1ea3 hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n li\u00ean quan di truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd di truy\u1ec1n trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n, c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u00ean gia t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n di truy\u1ec1n n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd di truy\u1ec1n, di t\u1eadt b\u1ea9m sinh, b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c ung th\u01b0,<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 2 l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb thai l\u01b0u, ho\u1eb7c t\u1eebng c\u00f3 em b\u00e9 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft sau sinh,<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u00e3 sinh ra b\u00e9 b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n di truy\u1ec1n, d\u1ecb t\u1eadt b\u1ea9m sinh, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7,<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1eeb 35 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh mang thai,<\/li>\n<li>C\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n di truy\u1ec1n,<\/li>\n<li>Thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c nguy c\u01a1 cao v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd di truy\u1ec1n,<\/li>\n<li>Quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u00f9ng huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng (<em>Office on women&#8217;s health, n.d.)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, c\u00f3 5 vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mang thai g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>U\u1ed1ng 400-800 microgram (ho\u1eb7c 0.4-0.8mg) acid folic m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y<\/em>khi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh mang thai t\u1eeb 3 th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mang thai. Vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng acid folic l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e3o v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng cho thai nhi, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1eadt gai \u0111\u00f4i c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng<\/li>\n<li><em>Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd n\u1ec1n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh, \u0111\u00e1i th\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u0103ng huy\u1ebft \u00e1p, ho\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1p\u2026, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00ean \u0111i kh\u00e1m b\u00e1c s\u0129 chuy\u00ean khoa \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t.\u00a0<\/em>Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf,\u00a0m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd n\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u l\u00ean thai k\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 hen suy\u1ec5n, \u0111\u00e1i th\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00e9o ph\u00ec, \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh, b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd r\u0103ng mi\u1ec7ng\u2026 N\u00ean h\u1ecfi b\u00e1c s\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd n\u1ec1n c\u00f3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thai nhi hay kh\u00f4ng<\/li>\n<li><em>N\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a ch\u00edch ng\u1eeba, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 ch\u00edch ng\u01b0\u00e0 vi\u00eam gan si\u00eau vi B, Rubella, u\u1ed1n v\u00e1n\u2026,\u00a0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ea7n \u0111i kh\u00e1m \u0111\u1ec3 xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7ng ng\u1eeba tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mang thai<\/em>. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edch ng\u1eeba, c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n mang thai kh\u00f4ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ebft m\u1ecfng c\u1ed5 t\u1eed cung (Pap\u2019s smear) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mang thai v\u00e0 n\u00ean s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c (STIs) k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 HIV.<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean tr\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9c cho thai nhi nh\u01b0 ch\u00ec, thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u, ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea9y r\u1eeda c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. N\u00ean tr\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ch\u00f3, m\u00e8o\u2026\u00a0<em>(Office on women&#8217;s health, n.d.), (British fertility society, n.d.), (NIOSH, n.d.)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh mang thai<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>C\u00f9ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 con v\u1edbi v\u1ee3\/b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh<\/em>. Khi c\u1ea3 2 v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 thai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb trong thai k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho thai nhi nh\u01b0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t, h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 v\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u,<\/li>\n<li><em>S\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c<\/em>(STIs), \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2y cho v\u1ee3\/b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh,<\/li>\n<li><em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n<\/em>b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n, ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m stress. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u nhi\u1ec1u, h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tinh tr\u00f9ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 \u1edf n\u01a1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i do vi\u1ec7c h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng cho v\u1ee3\/b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>\u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c, c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac (v\u1ee3\/b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh)<\/em>. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eafm v\u00e0 thay qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o d\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi v\u1ee3\/b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh. Qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o d\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e2m gi\u1eb7t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0<em>(Office on women&#8217;s health, n.d.), (British fertility society, n.d.), (NIOSH, n.d.)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Office on women&#8217;s health (n.d.).Preconceptional health. Retrieved Septerm 16, 2021 from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.womenshealth.gov\/pregnancy\/you-get-pregnant\/preconception-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.womenshealth.gov\/pregnancy\/you-get-pregnant\/preconception-health\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li>British fertility society (n.d.). When are women and men most fertile? Retrieved on September 16, 2021 from:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britishfertilitysociety.org.uk\/fei\/when-are-women-men-most-fertile\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.britishfertilitysociety.org.uk\/fei\/when-are-women-men-most-fertile\/\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li>National Institute Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (n.d.). Workplace hazards on Female reproductive health. Retrieved on September 15, 2021 from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/99-104\/pdfs\/99-104.pdf?id=10.26616\/NIOSHPUB99104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/99-104\/pdfs\/99-104.pdf?id=10.26616\/NIOSHPUB99104\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Ph\u1ea7n 2: Ba m\u1eb9 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 em b\u00e9 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh<\/h2>\n<h3><strong>Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u1ed1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mang thai, s\u1ebd \u00edt g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh mang thai v\u00e0 sinh ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t em b\u00e9 kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mang thai, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p>Theo\u00a0khuy\u1ebfn\u00a0c\u00e1o\u00a0t\u1eeb\u00a0h\u01b0\u1edbng\u00a0d\u1eabn\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0gia\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0ch\u0103m\u00a0s\u00f3c\u00a0s\u1ee9c\u00a0kh\u1ecfe\u00a0sinh\u00a0s\u1ea3n\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0l\u00e0m\u00a0m\u1eb9\u00a0an\u00a0to\u00e0n\u00a0(Vi\u1ec7t\u00a0Nam),\u00a0c\u0169ng\u00a0nh\u01b0\u00a0khuy\u1ebfn\u00a0c\u00e1o\u00a0t\u1eeb\u00a0t\u1ed5\u00a0ch\u1ee9c\u00a0ki\u1ec3m\u00a0so\u00e1t\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00f2ng\u00a0ng\u1eeba\u00a0c\u00e1c\u00a0b\u1ec7nh\u00a0truy\u1ec1n\u00a0nhi\u1ec5m\u00a0(CDC,\u00a0M\u1ef9),\u00a0nh\u1eefng\u00a0ph\u1ee5\u00a0n\u1eef\u00a0chu\u1ea9n\u00a0b\u1ecb\u00a0c\u00f3\u00a0thai\u00a0c\u1ea7n\u00a0n\u1eafm\u00a0r\u00f5\u00a0c\u00e1c\u00a0th\u00f4ng tin\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u1ef1c\u00a0hi\u1ec7n\u00a0c\u00e1c\u00a0t\u01b0\u00a0v\u1ea5n\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u00a0x\u00e9t\u00a0nghi\u1ec7m\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3\u00a0\u0111\u1ea3m\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0t\u1ed1t\u00a0vi\u1ec7c\u00a0ch\u0103m\u00a0s\u00f3c\u00a0s\u1ee9c\u00a0kho\u1ebb\u00a0tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0khi mang thai:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>N\u00ean l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch mang thai, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c,<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean \u0111i kh\u00e1m s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mang thai \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ec1<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c (Sexual Transmitted Infections: STIs) c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng do l\u1eadu, giang mai, vi\u00eam gan si\u00eau vi B, nhi\u1ec5m Chlamydia, HIV&#8230;, \u0111\u00e1i th\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u0103ng huy\u1ebft \u00e1p, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111ang d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mang thai <em>(HDQG,\u00a0n.d.), (CDC,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>,<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 vaccin \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eam ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u gi\u00e1 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u00e0 vaccin ng\u1eeba Rubella (vaccin MMR \u2013 s\u1edfi, quai b\u1ecb, Rulbella) tr\u01b0\u01a1c khi mang thai. C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd: Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 mang thai trong v\u00f2ng 1 th\u00e1ng sau khi ch\u00edch vaccin MMR v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 sau khi ch\u00edch ng\u1eeba 1 th\u00e1ng (<em>CDC<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>U\u1ed1ng 400 microgram acid folic m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. Acid folic gi\u00fap s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng d\u1ecb t\u1eadt b\u1ea9m sinh \u1edf n\u00e3o v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a thai nhi n\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef mang thai\u00a0 <em>(HDQG,\u00a0n.d.), (CDC,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam,theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 an to\u00e0n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb mang thai c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7y giun b\u1eb1ng albedazol, ti\u00eam vaccine ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba u\u1ed1n v\u00e1n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mang thai\u00a0\u00a0<em>(HDQG,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n, v\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n g\u00e2y d\u1ecb t\u1eadt thai nhi. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c \u00e1p l\u1ef1c trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1. <em>(HDQG,\u00a0n.d.), (CDC,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Tr\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng, thu\u1ed1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u, ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n m\u00e8o\u2026 v\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng <em>(NIOSH,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Duy tr\u00ec c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, v\u00ec ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u00e9o ph\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd tim m\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e1i th\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng type 2, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd ung th\u01b0 (ung th\u01b0 n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1c t\u1eed cung, ung th\u01b0 v\u00fa, ung th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00e0ng). Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef qu\u00e1 nh\u1eb9 c\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Do v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n duy tr\u00ec c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p <em>(CDC,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>C\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh x\u1ea3y ra trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng tin cho b\u00e1c s\u0129 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 <em>(CDC,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mang thai, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean gi\u1eef tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh, tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 lo l\u1eafng, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng stress k\u00e9o d\u00e0i<\/li>\n<li>Khi \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mang thai, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang thai<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><strong>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) (n.d.). Vaccines before pregnancy. Retrieved on September 17, 2021 from:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/pregnancy\/vacc-before.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/pregnancy\/vacc-before.html\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li>National Institute Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (n.d.). Workplace hazards on Female reproductive health. Retrieved on September 15, 2021 from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/99-104\/pdfs\/99-104.pdf?id=10.26616\/NIOSHPUB99104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/99-104\/pdfs\/99-104.pdf?id=10.26616\/NIOSHPUB99104<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) (n.d.). Preconception. Retrieved on September 17, 2021 from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/preconception\/women.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/preconception\/women.html\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 an to\u00e0n (HDQG) (n.d.). Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi sinh. Retrived on September 20,2021 from: <a href=\"http:\/\/benhviendkkvdongthapmuoi.com\/upload\/news\/doc\/HuongDanQGSKSS_4620QD-BYT.pdf?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/benhviendkkvdongthapmuoi.com\/upload\/news\/doc\/HuongDanQGSKSS_4620QD-BYT.pdf?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><strong>\u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mang thai ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f9ng v\u1ee3\/b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh sinh con.\u00a0 Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng\/c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh mang thai:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch mang thai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c,<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2y lan qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c (STIs), \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng Chlamydia, l\u1eadu, vi\u00eam gan si\u00eau vi B, HIV, Herpes virus&#8230;, v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean thai k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 thai nhi, ho\u1eb7c g\u00e2y ra v\u00f4 sinh (<em>CDC,\u00a0n.d.<\/em>),<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7c h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra t\u1eed vong v\u00e0 t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 20% ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef mang thai h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh b\u00e9 nh\u1eb9 c\u00e2n so v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef mang thai kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y v\u00f4 sinh \u1edf \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng <em>(CDC,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c sinh s\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec c\u00e1c ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng, thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u, ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e2n sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u l\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 thai kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y d\u00f9 \u1edf s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n mang thai, nh\u0169 nhi, tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf, ho\u1eb7c tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c sinh s\u1ed1ng\u00a0 <em>(NIOSH,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>,<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00e2y v\u00f4 sinh (l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh tr\u00f9ng) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1i th\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng type 1,b\u00e9o ph\u00ec, nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u n\u1eb7ng, d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n, h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m thu\u1ed1c x\u1ecbt c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng, kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng (ch\u00ec), c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd nh\u01b0 quai b\u1ecb, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1, b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd th\u1eadn, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh (thu\u1ed1c k\u00ea toa, kh\u00f4ng k\u00ea toa, v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c), \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng x\u1ea1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u00a0 <em>(NIOSH,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean duy tr\u00ec th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e9o ph\u00ec, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eeba c\u00e2n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 cao m\u1eafc c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh n\u1ed9i khoa nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1i th\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng type 2, ung th\u01b0. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c b\u00e9o ph\u00ec l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 v\u00f4 sinh nam. \u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng suy dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Do v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, \u0103n u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p\u00a0 <em>(CDC,\u00a0n.d.),\u00a0(NIOSH,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>,<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 con. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: n\u1ebfu ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh tim b\u1ea9m sinh, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ecb h\u1ecd b\u1ec7nh h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u (sickle cell disease), con c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd gia \u0111\u00ecnh (nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n c\u0103n thai l\u01b0u, con ch\u1ebft sau sinh ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 con), c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng (c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n di truy\u1ec1n \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u h\u01a1n\u00a0 <em>(CDC,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>,<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u00a0 <em>(CDC,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>,<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean\u00a0gi\u1eef\u00a0tinh\u00a0th\u1ea7n\u00a0kho\u1ebb\u00a0m\u1ea1nh.\u00a0Tr\u00e1nh\u00a0c\u00e1c\u00a0lo\u00a0l\u1eafng,\u00a0k\u00edch\u00a0th\u00edch,\u00a0bu\u1ed3n\u00a0b\u00e3,\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0stress\u00a0k\u00e9o\u00a0d\u00e0i.\u00a0N\u1ebfu\u00a0t\u00ecnh\u00a0tr\u1ea1ng\u00a0n\u00e0y\u00a0kh\u00f4ng\u00a0t\u1ef1\u00a0c\u1ea3i\u00a0thi\u1ec7n,\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0\u0111\u00e0n\u00a0\u00f4ng n\u00ean\u00a0t\u00ecm\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0gi\u00fap\u00a0\u0111\u1ee1\u00a0t\u1eeb\u00a0b\u00e1c\u00a0s\u0129\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0c\u00e1c\u00a0t\u1ed5\u00a0ch\u1ee9c\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0\u00a0<em>(CDC,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>,<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean cho v\u1ee3\/b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh\/v\u1ee3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00f3 thai, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u00e1t c\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4 \u1ea5y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd n\u1ed9i khoa, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00ean khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00f4 \u1ea5y \u0111i kh\u00e1m s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb\u00a0 <em>(CDC,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><strong>T\u00e0i\u00a0li\u1ec7u\u00a0tham\u00a0kh\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>National Institute Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (n.d.). Workplace hazards on Female reproductive health. Retrieved on September 15, 2021 from; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/96-132\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/96-132\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) (n.d.). Preconception. Retrieved on September 17,2021 from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/preconception\/women.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/preconception\/women.html\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><strong>Em b\u00e9 kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1c ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t, virus, thu\u1ed1c\u2026 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: carbon disulfide g\u00e2y ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c n\u00e3o b\u1ed9-tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng l\u00e0m cho m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa estrogen v\u00e0 progesterone d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kinh nguy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng), s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai, thai l\u01b0u, d\u1ecb t\u1ea9m b\u1ea9m sinh thai, tr\u1ebb sinh ra nh\u1eb9 c\u00e2n v\u00e0 sinh non, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ung th\u01b0 tr\u1ebb em (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 tia X) <em>(CDC,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed (h\u00edt th\u1edf), qua ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u00ean da, qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qua m\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, truy\u1ec1n qua nhau thai v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thai; ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qua c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thai nhi <em>(CDC,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>. C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0o khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u l\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, v\u00ec tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n.\u00a0 Trung t\u00e2m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba l\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 (CDC) \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Thu\u1ed1c\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0ung th\u01b0 (Methotrexate):\u00a0C\u00f3\u00a0th\u1ec3\u00a0g\u00e2y ra v\u00f4 sinh, thai l\u01b0u,\u00a0d\u1ecb\u00a0t\u1eadt\u00a0b\u1ea9m\u00a0sinh,\u00a0b\u00e9\u00a0nh\u1eb9\u00a0c\u00e2n<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ethylene glycol ethers g\u1ed3m 2-ethoxyethanol (2EE) v\u00e0 2-methoxyethanol (2ME): C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra thai l\u01b0u<\/li>\n<li>Carbon\u00a0disulfide\u00a0(CS2): G\u00e2y ra thay\u00a0\u0111\u1ed5i\u00a0chu\u00a0k\u1ef3\u00a0kinh\u00a0nguy\u1ec7t<\/li>\n<li>Ch\u00ec\u00a0(c\u00f3\u00a0trong\u00a0c\u00e1c\u00a0lo\u1ea1i\u00a0pin th\u00f4ng\u00a0th\u01b0\u1eddng):\u00a0C\u00f3\u00a0th\u1ec3\u00a0g\u00e2y ra v\u00f4 sinh, thai l\u01b0u,\u00a0tr\u1ebb\u00a0nh\u1eb9\u00a0c\u00e2n,\u00a0r\u1ed1i\u00a0lo\u1ea1n\u00a0ph\u00e1t\u00a0tri\u1ec3n<\/li>\n<li>Tia x\u1ea1 (X-quang v\u00e0 tia gamma): g\u00e2y ra v\u00f4 sinh, thai l\u01b0u, d\u1ecb t\u1eadt b\u1ea9m sinh, tr\u1ebb nh\u1eb9 c\u00e2n, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, ung th\u01b0 tr\u1ebb em<\/li>\n<li>Lao\u00a0\u0111\u1ed9ng\u00a0th\u1ec3\u00a0l\u1ef1c\u00a0c\u0103ng\u00a0th\u1eb3ng\u00a0(\u0111\u1ee9ng\u00a0l\u00e2u, khu\u00e2n\u00a0v\u00e1c\u00a0n\u1eb7ng\u2026):\u00a0g\u00e2y ra thai l\u01b0u\u00a0v\u00e0o\u00a0giai\u00a0\u0111o\u1ea1n\u00a0cu\u1ed1i\u00a0thai\u00a0k\u1ef3, sinh non\u00a0<em>(NIOSH,\u00a0n.d.).<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>*C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i virus v\u00e0 vi tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb mang thai c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung t\u00e2m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng ghi nh\u1eadn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cytomegalovirus\u00a0(CMV) g\u00e2y ra\u00a0d\u1ecb\u00a0t\u1eadt\u00a0b\u1ea9m\u00a0sinh,\u00a0tr\u1ebb\u00a0nh\u1eb9\u00a0c\u00e2n,\u00a0tr\u1ebb\u00a0b\u1ecb\u00a0r\u1ed1i\u00a0lo\u1ea1n\u00a0ph\u00e1t\u00a0tri\u1ec3n<\/li>\n<li>Virus\u00a0vi\u00eam gan si\u00eau vi B\u00a0c\u00f3\u00a0th\u1ec3\u00a0g\u00e2y ra\u00a0t\u00ecnh\u00a0tr\u1ea1ng\u00a0thai nhi\u00a0nh\u1eb9\u00a0c\u00e2n<\/li>\n<li>Human\u00a0Immuno-deficiency\u00a0virus\u00a0(HIV) g\u00e2y ra thai nhi\u00a0nh\u1eb9\u00a0c\u00e2n, ung th\u01b0\u00a0tr\u1ebb\u00a0em<\/li>\n<li>Human\u00a0parvovirus\u00a0B12 g\u00e2y ra thai l\u01b0u<\/li>\n<li>Rubella\u00a0(B\u1ec7nh\u00a0s\u1edfi\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c) g\u00e2y ra\u00a0d\u1ecb\u00a0t\u1eadt\u00a0b\u1ea9m\u00a0sinh\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0tr\u1ebb\u00a0nh\u1eb9\u00a0c\u00e2n<\/li>\n<li>Toxoplasmosis\u00a0g\u00e2y ra thai l\u01b0u,\u00a0d\u1ecb\u00a0t\u1eadt\u00a0b\u1ea9m\u00a0sinh,\u00a0r\u1ed1i\u00a0lo\u1ea1n\u00a0ph\u00e1t\u00a0tri\u1ec3n<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1ee7y\u00a0\u0111\u1eadu\u00a0g\u00e2y ra\u00a0d\u1ecb\u00a0t\u1eadt\u00a0b\u1ea9m\u00a0sinh\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0tr\u1ebb\u00a0sinh ra\u00a0nh\u1eb9\u00a0c\u00e2n\u00a0<em>(NIOSH,\u00a0n.d.).<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh cao, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L\u01b0u\u00a0tr\u1eef\u00a0c\u00e1c\u00a0ho\u00e1\u00a0ch\u1ea5t\u00a0trong\u00a0th\u00f9ng\u00a0ch\u1ee9a\u00a0c\u00f3\u00a0d\u00e3n\u00a0nh\u00e3n\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ni\u00eam phong khi kh\u00f4ng\u00a0d\u00f9ng\u00a0c\u00e1c\u00a0ho\u00e1\u00a0ch\u1ea5t\u00a0\u0111\u00f3,<\/li>\n<li>R\u1eeda tay c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0103n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c<\/li>\n<li>Tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 da ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu da ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eafm r\u1eeda v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef lo l\u1eafng vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c lo l\u1eafng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<li>C\u1ea7n\u00a0ph\u00f2ng\u00a0ng\u1eeba\u00a0vi\u1ec7c\u00a0l\u00e2y\u00a0nhi\u1ec5m\u00a0cho gia\u00a0\u0111\u00ecnh\u00a0sau khi\u00a0k\u1ebft\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0th\u1eddi\u00a0gian\u00a0l\u00e0m\u00a0vi\u1ec7c\u00a0trong\u00a0ng\u00e0y\u00a0b\u1eb1ng\u00a0c\u00e1ch:\n<ul>\n<li>Thay qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 gi\u1eb7t v\u1edbi x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0<\/li>\n<li>Qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ph\u01a1i ri\u00eang trong khu l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m xung quanh<\/li>\n<li>Gi\u1eb7t qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c<\/li>\n<li>Tr\u00e1nh mang qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i mang qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, c\u1ea7n b\u1ecdc qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng trong t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 g\u00f3i l\u1ea1i k\u1ef9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>C\u1ea7n tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean nghi\u00eam t\u00fac h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (g\u0103ng tay, m\u00e1y th\u1edf, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n)\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i,<\/li>\n<li>Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u1ec7m ng\u1eb7t quy t\u1eafc an to\u00e0n s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i quy \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i l\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n\u00a0 <em>(NIOSH,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>*C\u00e1c\u00a0y\u1ebfu\u00a0t\u1ed1\u00a0\u1ea3nh\u00a0h\u01b0\u1edfng\u00a0l\u00ean\u00a0s\u1ee9c\u00a0kho\u1ebb\u00a0sinh\u00a0s\u1ea3n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0111\u00e0n\u00a0\u00f4ng\u00a0t\u1ea1i\u00a0n\u01a1i\u00a0l\u00e0m\u00a0vi\u1ec7c<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. C\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i, th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn hay d\u00e0i, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.\u00a0\u00a0C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed (h\u00edt th\u1edf), qua da, ho\u1eb7c qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng (n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1eeda tay c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0103n, u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c). Khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang theo v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3\/b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a em b\u00e9 ch\u01b0a sinh ra \u0111\u1eddi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ch\u00ec b\u00e1m tr\u00ean da, t\u00f3c, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, t\u00fai d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u00ec trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ee7a thai nhi.<\/p>\n<p>Trung t\u00e2m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng (CDC) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra danh s\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ch\u00ec:\u00a0l\u00e0m\u00a0gi\u1ea3m\u00a0s\u1ed1\u00a0l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u00a0tinh\u00a0tr\u00f9ng,\u00a0l\u00e0m\u00a0b\u1ea5t\u00a0th\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0h\u00ecnh\u00a0d\u1ea1ng\u00a0tinh\u00a0tr\u00f9ng\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0thy\u00a0\u0111\u1ed5i\u00a0n\u1ed9i\u00a0ti\u1ebft\u00a0t\u1ed1\u00a0sinh\u00a0d\u1ee5c<\/li>\n<li>Dibromochloropropane\u00a0g\u00e2y\u00a0gi\u1ea3m\u00a0s\u1ed1\u00a0l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u00a0tinh\u00a0tr\u00f9ng<\/li>\n<li>Carbaryl\u00a0(Sevin) g\u00e2y\u00a0b\u1ea5t\u00a0th\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0h\u00ecnh\u00a0d\u1ea1ng\u00a0tinh\u00a0tr\u00f9ng<\/li>\n<li>Toluenediamine\u00a0and\u00a0dinitrotoluene\u00a0g\u00e2y\u00a0gi\u1ea3m\u00a0s\u1ed1\u00a0l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u00a0tinh\u00a0tr\u00f9ng<\/li>\n<li>Ethylen\u00a0Dibromide\u00a0l\u00e0m\u00a0gi\u1ea3m\u00a0s\u1ed1\u00a0l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u00a0tinh\u00a0tr\u00f9ng,\u00a0b\u1ea5t\u00a0th\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0thay\u00a0\u0111\u1ed5i\u00a0h\u00ecnh\u00a0d\u1ea1ng\u00a0tinh\u00a0tr\u00f9ng<\/li>\n<li>S\u1ea3n\u00a0xu\u1ea5t\u00a0nh\u1ef1a\u00a0(styrene\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0acetone) g\u00e2y ra\u00a0b\u1ea5t\u00a0th\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0h\u00ecnh\u00a0d\u1ea1ng\u00a0tinh\u00a0tr\u00f9ng<\/li>\n<li>Ethylene\u00a0Glycol\u00a0Monoethyl\u00a0Ether\u00a0g\u00e2y ra\u00a0gi\u1ea3m\u00a0s\u1ed1\u00a0l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u00a0tinh\u00a0tr\u00f9ng<\/li>\n<li>H\u00e0n\u00a0s\u1eaft\u00a0l\u00e0m\u00a0b\u1ea5t\u00a0th\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0thay\u00a0\u0111\u1ed5i\u00a0h\u00ecnh\u00a0d\u1ea1ng\u00a0tinh\u00a0tr\u00f9ng<\/li>\n<li>Perchloroethylene\u00a0g\u00e2y thay\u00a0\u0111\u1ed5i\u00a0h\u00ecnh\u00a0d\u1ea1ng\u00a0tinh\u00a0tr\u00f9ng<\/li>\n<li>H\u01a1i\u00a0th\u1ee7y\u00a0ng\u00e2n\u00a0l\u00e0m\u00a0thay\u00a0\u0111\u1ed5i\u00a0n\u1ed9i\u00a0ti\u1ebft\u00a0t\u1ed1\u00a0sinh\u00a0d\u1ee5c<\/li>\n<li>Nhi\u1ec7t (n\u00f3ng)\u00a0\u00a0v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng radar qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh tr\u00f9ng<\/li>\n<li>KeponneKeponne*\u00a0l\u00e0m\u00a0thay\u00a0\u0111\u1ed5i\u00a0h\u00ecnh\u00a0d\u1ea1ng\u00a0tinh\u00a0tr\u00f9ng.\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0nghi\u00ean\u00a0c\u1ee9u\u00a0cho\u00a0th\u1ea5y\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0v\u00e0i\u00a0\u0111\u00e0n\u00a0\u00f4ng\u00a0b\u1ecb\u00a0\u1ea3nh\u00a0h\u01b0\u1edfng\u00a0x\u1ea5u\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0s\u1ee9c\u00a0kho\u1ebb\u00a0trong m\u00f4i\u00a0tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0l\u00e0m\u00a0vi\u1ec7c\u00a0c\u00f3\u00a0ho\u00e1\u00a0ch\u1ea5t\u00a0n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean,\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0\u1ea3nh\u00a0h\u01b0\u1edfng\u00a0s\u1ee9c\u00a0kho\u1ebb\u00a0n\u00e0y\u00a0kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n\u00a0lu\u00f4n\u00a0x\u1ea3y\u00a0ra \u1edf\u00a0t\u1ea5t\u00a0c\u1ea3\u00a0\u0111\u00e0n\u00a0\u00f4ng\u00a0v\u00ec\u00a0tu\u1ef3\u00a0thu\u1ed9c\u00a0v\u00e0o\u00a0th\u1eddi\u00a0gian,\u00a0s\u1ed1\u00a0l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0c\u00e1c\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1\u00a0kh\u00e1ng\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed7i\u00a0c\u00e1\u00a0nh\u00e2n khi\u00a0ti\u1ebfp\u00a0x\u00fac\u00a0v\u1edbi\u00a0c\u00e1c\u00a0ch\u1ea5t\u00a0g\u00e2y\u00a0h\u1ea1i<\/li>\n<li>H\u01a1i Bromine** l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh tr\u00f9ng, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnnh d\u1ea1ng tinh tr\u00f9ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tai n\u1ea1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/li>\n<li>Ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1** (Chernobyl) g\u00e2y gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh tr\u00f9ng, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng tinh tr\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1 sinh d\u1ee5c<\/li>\n<li>Carbon\u00a0disulfide\u00a0g\u00e2y thay\u00a0\u0111\u1ed5i\u00a0n\u1ed9i\u00a0ti\u1ebft\u00a0sinh\u00a0d\u1ee5c<\/li>\n<li>2,4\u00a0Dichlorophenoxy\u00a0l\u00e0m\u00a0thay\u00a0\u0111\u1ed5i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0b\u1ea5t\u00a0th\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0h\u00ecnh\u00a0d\u1ea1ng\u00a0tinh\u00a0tr\u00f9ng<em>(NIOSH,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an to\u00e0n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L\u01b0u\u00a0tr\u1eef\u00a0c\u00e1c\u00a0ho\u00e1\u00a0ch\u1ea5t\u00a0trong\u00a0th\u00f9ng\u00a0ch\u1ee9a\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0d\u00e1n\u00a0nh\u00e3n\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ni\u00eam phong khi kh\u00f4ng\u00a0d\u00f9ng\u00a0c\u00e1c\u00a0ho\u00e1\u00a0ch\u1ea5t,<\/li>\n<li>R\u1eeda\u00a0tay\u00a0c\u1ea9n\u00a0th\u1eadn\u00a0tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0khi \u0103n,\u00a0tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0khi\u00a0u\u1ed1ng\u00a0n\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0ho\u1eb7c\u00a0tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0khi\u00a0h\u00fat\u00a0thu\u1ed1c,<\/li>\n<li>Tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 da ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu da ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eafm r\u1eeda v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh,<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c,<\/li>\n<li>C\u1ea7n ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba vi\u1ec7c l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch:\n<ul>\n<li>Thay qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 gi\u1eb7t v\u1edbi x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0,<\/li>\n<li>Qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ph\u01a1i ri\u00eang trong khu l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m xung quanh,<\/li>\n<li>Gi\u1eb7t qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c,<\/li>\n<li>Tr\u00e1nh mang qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>C\u1ea7n tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c,<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ean nghi\u00eam t\u00fac h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (g\u0103ng tay, m\u00e1y th\u1edf, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n)\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i,<\/li>\n<li>Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u1ec7m ng\u1eb7t quy t\u1eafc an to\u00e0n s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i quy \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i l\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n\u00a0 <em>(NIOSH,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>T\u00e0i\u00a0li\u1ec7u\u00a0tham\u00a0kh\u1ea3o<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>National Institute Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (n.d.). Workplace hazards on Female reproductive health. Retrieved on September 15, 2021 from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/96-132\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/96-132\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>National Institute Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (n.d.). Workplace hazards on Female reproductive health. Retrieved on September 15, 2021 from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/99-104\/pdfs\/99-104.pdf?id=10.26616\/NIOSHPUB99104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/99-104\/pdfs\/99-104.pdf?id=10.26616\/NIOSHPUB99104<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Centers\u00a0for\u00a0disease\u00a0control\u00a0and\u00a0prevention\u00a0(CDC) (n.d.).\u00a0Preconception.\u00a0Retrieved\u00a0on\u00a0September\u00a017, 2021\u00a0from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/preconception\/women.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/preconception\/women.html\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Ph\u1ea7n 3: Tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai<\/h2>\n<h3><strong>S\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo tu\u1ed5i<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>C\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 thai t\u1eeb sau tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e9 g\u00e1i, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kinh. Do v\u1eady, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i khi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i v\u00ec khi \u1ea5y bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o nang no\u00e3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1eeb 5-10 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u00e3n kinh.<\/p>\n<p>Hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u00f4 sinh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, v\u00ec do nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do, trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00fd do li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c l\u00fd do th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i 30 m\u1edbi l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb khi tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn v\u1eabn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee9ng trong bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>Khi m\u1edbi sinh ra, b\u00e9 g\u00e1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee9ng ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng (kho\u1ea3ng 1 tri\u1ec7u nang no\u00e3n), v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n theo tu\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ebfn khi d\u1eady th\u00ec, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nang no\u00e3n gi\u1ea3m c\u00f2n 300,000, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 300 nang no\u00e3n r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng trong su\u1ed1t tu\u1ed5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ebfn 37 tu\u1ed3i, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee9ng c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 25,000. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i 51, v\u00e0o m\u00e3n kinh, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 1,000 tr\u1ee9ng ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 tr\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 thai. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nang no\u00e3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tho\u00e1i tri\u1ec3n (atresia). Vi\u1ec7c tho\u00e1i tri\u1ec3n nang no\u00e3n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh x\u1ea3y ra kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 thai, hay c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 kinh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c tr\u00e1nh thai hay ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111ang \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb v\u00f4 sinh. C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c cho th\u1ea5y di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3n kinh s\u1edbm h\u01a1n 1 n\u0103m so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c (<em>ASRM, 2012<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-40529 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.com\/san-phu-khoa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/04\/su-thu-tinh-va-tuoi-tac-300x292-1.png\" alt=\"s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 tinh v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c \" width=\"300\" height=\"292\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-40530 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.com\/san-phu-khoa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/04\/su-thu-tinh-va-tuoi-tac-1-300x285-1.png\" alt=\"s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 tinh v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c \" width=\"300\" height=\"285\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">H\u00ecnh\u00a01: S\u01b0\u00a0th\u1ee5\u00a0tinh\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0tu\u1ed5i\u00a0t\u00e1c\u00a0<em>(BFS,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 40 tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 con t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n sau 45 tu\u1ed5i v\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh tr\u00f9ng s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n khi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i\u00a0 (sau 45 tu\u1ed5i). Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u tinh tr\u00f9ng m\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng sau tu\u1ed5i 40 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh tr\u00f9ng kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd \u00edt h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh d\u1ecbch (d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9a tinh tr\u00f9ng) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tinh tr\u00f9ng (\u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p tr\u1ee9ng) s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb 20-80 tu\u1ed5i (<em>ASRM, 2012<\/em>). Ph\u1ee5\u00a0n\u1eef\u00a0th\u1ee5\u00a0thai\u00a0v\u1edbi\u00a0\u0111\u00e0n\u00a0\u00f4ng\u00a0l\u1edbn\u00a0tu\u1ed5i\u00a0(tr\u00ean 40\u00a0tu\u1ed5i), nguy c\u01a1 thai l\u01b0u cao h\u01a1n khi\u00a0h\u1ecd\u00a0k\u1ebft\u00a0h\u00f4n\u00a0v\u1edbi\u00a0\u0111\u00e0n\u00a0\u00f4ng \u1edf\u00a0\u0111\u1ed9\u00a0tu\u1ed5i\u00a025\u00a0(<em>ASRM, 2012<\/em>),<em>\u00a0(BFR,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>S\u1ef1\u00a0th\u1ee5\u00a0tinh \u1edf\u00a0ph\u1ee5\u00a0n\u1eef\u00a0l\u1edbn\u00a0tu\u1ed5i<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee5 tinh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 khi h\u1ecd trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 20-29. S\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 tinh gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n khi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i 30, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mang thai gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh sau tu\u1ed5i 35. M\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh tu\u1ed5i 30 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 20% c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 thai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong 100 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh tu\u1ed5i 30 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 thai trong 1 chu k\u1ef3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 20 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 thai v\u00e0 80 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eadu thai. \u0110\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i 40, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ee5 thai c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n tu\u1ed5i 30, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 5% trong 1 chu k\u1ef3, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt h\u01a1n 5 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u00a0 40 tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 thai tr\u00ean 100 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u00e3n kinh \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 51, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ee5 thai \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 45- 48. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m suy gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 thai n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 thai t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ee5 tinh \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m (in vitro fertilization-IVF). Do khi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee9ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 thai c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng suy gi\u1ea3m theo\u00a0\u00a0(<em>ASRM, 2012<\/em>),<em>\u00a0(BFR,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>S\u1ef1\u00a0th\u1ee5\u00a0tinh \u1edf\u00a0\u0111\u00e0n\u00a0\u00f4ng\u00a0l\u1edbn\u00a0tu\u1ed5i<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 thai gi\u1ea3m s\u1edbm \u1edf ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 35 tr\u1edf l\u00ean, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh tr\u00f9ng mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n v\u00e0o sau \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 60. Khi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, tinh ho\u00e0n th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m. B\u00eanh c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n (gene) tr\u00ean tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u0169ng gia t\u0103ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i khoa g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n c\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m ham mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c (libido), h\u1ecd n\u00ean \u0111i kh\u00e1m b\u00e1c s\u0129 ni\u1ec7u khoa. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m libido c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 testosterone\u00a0 (<em>ASRM, 2012<\/em>),<em>\u00a0(BFR,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Ch\u1ea5t\u00a0l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u00a0tr\u1ee9ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee9ng suy gi\u1ea3m r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t khi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i 40, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng di truy\u1ec1n (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ec7ch b\u1ed9i \u2013 aneuploidy) bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 \u00edt nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 trong tr\u1ee9ng. Khi th\u1ee5 tinh, tr\u1ee9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a 23 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi 23 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a tinh tr\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 46 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3. \u1ede c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ee9ng trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng mang r\u1ea5t \u00edt nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f4i thai c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c r\u1ea5t \u00edt nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00f4i thai c\u00f3 d\u01b0 1 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9 21 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng Down. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u00f4i thai c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c r\u1ea5t \u00edt nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft l\u01b0u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao khi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i mang thai th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 thai l\u01b0u cao h\u01a1n\u00a0 (<em>ASRM, 2012<\/em>),<em>\u00a0(BFR,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>S\u1ed1\u00a0l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u00a0tr\u1ee9ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9a nang no\u00e3n trong bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ea5t d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng\u201d (loss of ovarian reserve). Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb v\u00f4 sinh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb d\u1eebng chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t. Khi d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m, c\u00e1c nang no\u00e3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a FSH (Follicular Simulating Hormone), do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u k\u00edch th\u00edch h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 nang no\u00e3n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, chu k\u1ef3 kinh s\u1ebd g\u1ea7n nhau h\u01a1n v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb 21-25 ng\u00e0y. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, nang no\u00e3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1eeb FSH \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chu k\u1ef3 kinh d\u00e0i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, do s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t tr\u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean khi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u1ebb h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n c\u0103n m\u00e3n kinh s\u1edbm, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u1ebb c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y <em>(ASRM,2012), (BFR, n.d.)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 thai. C\u00e1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m \u0111o FSH ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 3, antimullerian hormone (AMH), v\u00e0 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m estrogen v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 2-3-4 trong chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u1ebfu FSH cao ho\u1eb7c estrogen gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef gi\u1ea3m d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 FSH b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3, do v\u1eady x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m FSH kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng clomiphene citrate (clomiphene citrate challenge test), v\u00e0 si\u00eau \u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 nang no\u00e3n (antral follicle count: AFC) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng\u00a0 (<em>ASRM, 2012<\/em>),<em>\u00a0(BFR,\u00a0n.d.)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Associate between female and male age and fecundability, fitted by restricted cubic splines, PRESTO 2013-2017<\/li>\n<li>American\u00a0Society\u00a0for\u00a0Reproductive\u00a0Medicine\u00a0 (ASRM) (2012).\u00a0Age\u00a0and\u00a0Fertility.\u00a0Retrived\u00a0on\u00a0September\u00a024, 2021\u00a0from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reproductivefacts.org\/globalassets\/rf\/news-and-publications\/bookletsfact-sheets\/english-fact-sheets-and-info-booklets\/Age_and_Fertility.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.reproductivefacts.org\/globalassets\/rf\/news-and-publications\/bookletsfact-sheets\/english-fact-sheets-and-info-booklets\/Age_and_Fertility.pdf\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li>British\u00a0Fertility\u00a0Society\u00a0(BFS) (n.d).\u00a0At\u00a0what\u00a0age\u00a0does\u00a0fertility\u00a0begin\u00a0to\u00a0decrease.\u00a0Retrieved\u00a0on\u00a0September\u00a024, 2021\u00a0from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britishfertilitysociety.org.uk\/fei\/at-what-age-does-fertility-begin-to-decrease\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.britishfertilitysociety.org.uk\/fei\/at-what-age-does-fertility-begin-to-decrease\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Van Noord-Zaadstra et al. (1991). Delaying childbearing: effect of age on fecundity and outcome of pregnancy. BMJ 1991 Jun 8;302(6789):1361-5 Your infertility (n.d). Understanding how to improve your chance of having a baby. Retrieved on September 24, 2021 from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.yourfertility.org.au\/everyone\/age\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.yourfertility.org.au\/everyone\/age<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>G\u1ed3m c\u00f3 3 ph\u1ea7n: Chu K\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai, Ba m\u1eb9 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 em b\u00e9 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, Tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":116,"featured_media":5493,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5439],"tags":[5441],"series":[],"coauthors":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1: Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai - D\u1ef1 \u00e1n S\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee5 Khoa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1: Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai - D\u1ef1 \u00e1n S\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee5 Khoa\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.com\/san-phu-khoa\/chuong-1-kien-thuc-ve-su-thu-thai\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1: Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai - D\u1ef1 \u00e1n S\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee5 Khoa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1: Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai - D\u1ef1 \u00e1n S\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee5 Khoa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.com\/san-phu-khoa\/chuong-1-kien-thuc-ve-su-thu-thai\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"D\u1ef1 \u00e1n S\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee5 Khoa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"http:\/\/facebook.com\/tomaixuanhong\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-04-01T10:23:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/yhoccongdong.com\/san-phu-khoa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/04\/4-Steps-for-Healthy-Babies-chuong-1-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"660\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"330\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"PGS.TS.BS. 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